Leon Piniński | |
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 A 1934 portrait of Piniński by Kazimierz Pochwalski | |
| Statthalter of Galicia-Lodomeria | |
| In office 31 March 1898 –June 1903 | |
Leon Jan Piniński (8 March 1857 – 4 April 1938) was a Polish scholar, diplomat, art historian and politician. A professor of Roman law and one-time rector of the Lwów University (1928–1929), he devoted much of his life to a political career in his home city of Lwów (modern Lviv, Ukraine), first under Austria-Hungary then in independent Poland.
Leon Piniński was born in Lwów, then in Austrian-controlled Galicia. A member of the Piniński noble family with the Austrian rank of hrabia - (Count), he was a younger brother of Stanisław whose daughter, Julia Pinińska, inherited the family castle and estate in Grzymałów Hrymailiv. After homeschooling, Leon went on to pass his matura exam at the renowned Jesuit college in Tarnopol. He later graduated from the Faculty of Law at Lwów University. Piniński continued further studies at the universities of Leipzig, Berlin and Vienna. In 1891 he became a professor of Roman law at his alma mater and was elected to membership of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences.
A year later he gave up his scholarly career to devote himself to local politics. A member of the Podolacy aristocratic political faction, he became one of the most popular conservative politicians in Lwów. In 1889 he was elected to the Imperial Council in Vienna. In 1894 he was also elected to the Galician Sejm. His terms in both offices ended in 1898, when he became the governor of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. During this time he actively opposed the growing popularity of Socialist ideas. He also tried to counter the rise of Ukrainian nationalism. Extremely conservative, in 1903 he was dismissed from office and replaced by the politically liberal industrial mogul, Andrzej Kazimierz Potocki.
Although Piniński retained his seat in the Austro-Hungarian Senate, he retired from public life and devoted himself to advanced studies of law as well as art history. During World War I he briefly returned to politics, but was not as successful as before. Following the rebirth of Poland, Piniński returned to his alma mater as professor of Roman law and lectured on criminal and civil law. [1] In 1928 and 1929 he briefly served as a rector of Lwów University. At the same time, he continued his history of art research and managed to gather an extensive collection of works of art. Most of it he later donated to Wawel Castle Museum and the Ossolineum. A large part of his collection, which included English prints, was later stolen by the Germans during World War II and was never returned to Poland. Piniński himself retired in 1930s and died in Lwów, where he is buried. [2]
The Piniński family are descended from Charles I of England and a descendant of Leon's brother, Aleksander, Peter Piniński, has voiced such a claim. [3]
Lviv is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the sixth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of 717,500. It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine. Lviv also hosts the administration of Lviv urban hromada. It was named after Leo I of Galicia, the eldest son of Daniel, King of Ruthenia.
The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, also known as Austrian Galicia or colloquially Austrian Poland, was a constituent possession of the Habsburg monarchy in the historical region of Galicia in Eastern Europe. The crownland was established in 1772. The lands were annexed from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as part of the First Partition of Poland. In 1804 it became a crownland of the newly proclaimed Austrian Empire. From 1867 it was a crownland within the Cisleithanian or Austrian half of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. It maintained a degree of provincial autonomy. Its status remained unchanged until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918.
Lviv Polytechnic National University is a public university in Lviv, Ukraine, founded in 1816. According to the Times Higher Education, as of 2024, it ranks first as a technical institution of higher education and second among all institutions of higher education after Sumy State University in Ukraine. Lviv Polytechnic is also the largest educational institution in Ukraine by the number of students and one of the largest by the number of faculties and departments.
In July 1941, 25 Polish academics from the city of Lwów along with the 25 of their family members were killed by Nazi German occupation forces. By targeting prominent citizens and intellectuals for elimination, the Nazis hoped to prevent anti-Nazi activity and to weaken the resolve of the Polish resistance movement. According to an eyewitness the executions were carried out by an Einsatzgruppe unit under the command of Karl Eberhard Schöngarth with the participation of Ukrainian translators in German uniforms.
Prince Adam Stefan Stanisław Bonifacy Józef Sapieha was a Polish Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Kraków from 1911 to 1951. A member of the Polish nobility, between 1922 and 1923 he was a senator of the Second Polish Republic. In 1946, Pope Pius XII made him a cardinal.
The Polish–Ukrainian War, from November 1918 to July 1919, was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces.
Leon Sapieha, sometimes written as Leon Sapiega, was a Galician noble (szlachcic) and statesman.
Ossoliński National Institute, or the Ossolineum is a Polish cultural foundation, publishing house, archival institute and a research centre of national significance founded in 1817 in Lwów. Located in the city of Wrocław since 1947, it is the second largest institution of its kind in Poland after the ancient Jagiellonian Library in Kraków. Its publishing arm is the oldest continuous imprint in Polish since the early 19th century. It bears the name of its founder, Polish nobleman, Count Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński (1748-1826).
The Ivan Franko National University of Lviv is a public university in Lviv, Ukraine.
The Battle of Lemberg took place from November 1918 to May 1919 and was a six-month long conflict in the region of Galicia following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The battle was fought between forces of the local West Ukrainian People's Republic and urban Polish resistance, assisted later by the invading Polish military for the control over the city of Lviv. The battle sparked the Polish-Ukrainian War, ultimately won by Poland as both nations fought the Ukrainian-Soviet War and Polish-Soviet Wars concurrently.
Lviv is an administrative center in western Ukraine with more than a millennium of history as a settlement, and over seven centuries as a city. Prior to the creation of the modern state of Ukraine, Lviv had been part of numerous states and empires, including, under the name Lwów, Poland and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; under the name Lemberg, the Austrian and later Austro-Hungarian Empires; the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic after World War I; Poland again; and the Soviet Union. In addition, both the Swedes and the Ottoman Turks made unsuccessful attempts to conquer the city.
The Solomiya Krushelnytska Lviv State Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet or Lviv Opera is an opera house located in Lviv, Ukraine's largest western city and one of its cultural centres. Originally built on former marshland of the submerged Poltva River, the Lviv Opera now located on Liberty Avenue, the tree-lined centrepiece of Lviv's historic Old City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in the city's Halych district.
Stanisław Głąbiński was a Polish politician, academic, lawyer and writer who served in 1918 as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Poland.
Andrzej Alojzy Ankwicz was the Roman Catholic archbishop of Lwów (Lviv) in 1815–1833 and archbishop of Prague in 1833–1838.
Leopold Loeffler, also spelled Löffler,, was a Polish realist painter of the late Romantic period popular in the second half of the 19th century under the foreign partitions of Poland. Lithographic reproductions of his paintings were widely distributed among the members of the Kraków and Warsaw art societies, and frequently reprinted in popular periodicals owing to their historical references to Polish national uprisings and battlefronts, as well as their great attention to period detail.
The Sejm of the Estates or Estates of Galicia were the parliament in the first half of the 19th century Galicia region in Austrian Empire. The body existed from 1775 to 1845. In the history of the Polish parliament, it succeeded the general sejm and local sejmiks on the territories of the Austrian partition. The Estates were disbanded following the Kraków Uprising of 1846. In 1861 they were succeeded by the Sejm of the Land.
The Diet of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and of the Grand Duchy of Cracow was the regional assembly of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a crown land of the Austrian Empire, and later Austria-Hungary. In the history of the Polish parliaments, it is considered the successor of the former sejm walny, or general sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and also of the sejmik, or local councils, in the territories of the Austrian Partition. It existed from 1861 until the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918.
Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv is a public university located in Lviv, Ukraine.
With the arrival of the Hungarians into the heart of the Central European Plain around 899, Slavic tribes of Vistulans, White Croats, and Lendians found themselves under Hungarian rule. In 955 those areas north of the Carpathian Mountains constituted an autonomous part of the Duchy of Bohemia and remained so until around 972, when the first Polish territorial claims began to emerge. This area was mentioned in 981, when Vladimir the Great of Kievan Rus' claimed the area on his westward way. In the 11th century the area belonged to Poland, then reverted to Kievan Rus'. However, at the end of the 12th century the Hungarian claims to the principality turned up. Finally Casimir III of Poland annexed it in 1340–1349. Low Germans from Prussia and Middle Germany settled parts of northern and western Galicia from the 13th to 18th centuries, although the vast majority of the historic province remained independent from German and Austrian rule.
Mieczysław Jan Gębarowicz was a Polish art historian, soldier, dissident, museum director and custodian of cultural heritage. He studied history and the history of art at Lwów University During the 1940s and 1950s he was responsible for saving many Polish cultural works in Lviv, including books and manuscripts, from being destroyed or dispersed.
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