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Nyasaland was a British protectorate located in Africa that was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Between 1953 and 1963,Nyasaland was part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. After the Federation was dissolved,Nyasaland became independent from Britain on 6 July 1964 and was renamed Malawi.
The British Central Africa Protectorate (BCA) was a British protectorate proclaimed in 1889 and ratified in 1891 that occupied the same area as present-day Malawi:it was renamed Nyasaland in 1907. British interest in the area arose from visits made by David Livingstone from 1858 onward during his exploration of the Zambezi area. This encouraged missionary activity that started in the 1860s,undertaken by the Universities' Mission to Central Africa,the Church of Scotland and the Free Church of Scotland,and which was followed by a small number of settlers. The Portuguese government attempted to claim much of the area in which the missionaries and settlers operated,but this was disputed by the British government. To forestall a Portuguese expedition claiming effective occupation,a protectorate was proclaimed,first over the south of this area,then over the whole of it in 1889. After negotiations with the Portuguese and German governments on its boundaries,the protectorate was formally ratified by the British government in May 1891.
The Tumbuka is an ethnic group found in Northern Malawi,Eastern Zambia and Southern Tanzania. Tumbuka is classified as a part of the Bantu language family,and with origins in a geographic region between the Dwangwa River to the south,the North Rukuru River to the north,Lake Malawi to the east,and the Luangwa River. They are found in the valleys near the rivers,lake as well as the highlands of Nyika Plateau,where they are frequently referred to as Henga although this is strictly speaking the name of a subdivision.
The Chilembwe uprising was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland which took place in January 1915. It was led by John Chilembwe,an American-educated Baptist minister. Based around his Church in the village of Mbombwe in the south-east of the protectorate,the leaders of the revolt were mainly from an emerging black middle class. They were motivated by grievances against the colonial system including forced labour,racial discrimination,and new demands imposed on the indigenous population following the outbreak of World War I.
The Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) was an organisation that evolved into a political party in Nyasaland during the colonial period. The NAC was suppressed in 1959,but was succeeded in 1960 by the Malawi Congress Party,which went to on decisively win the first universal suffrage elections in 1961,and to lead the country to independence as Malawi in 1964.
Henry Masauko Blasius Chipembere was a Malawian nationalist politician who played a significant role in bringing independence from colonial rule to his native country,formerly known as Nyasaland. From an early age Chipembere was a strong believer in natural justice and,on his return in 1954 from university in South Africa,he joined his country's independence struggle as a nationalist strategist and spokesman. In 1957,considering that the independence movement need such a strong leader similar to Kwame Nkrumah,and considering himself too young for this task,he joined with other young nationalists in inviting Hastings Kamuzu Banda to return to Nyasaland as the movement's leader.
Robert Laws FRGS FRSGS (1851–1934) was a Scottish missionary who headed the Livingstonia mission in the Nyasaland Protectorate for more than 50 years. The mission played a crucial role in educating Africans during the colonial era. It emphasized skills with which the pupils could become self-sufficient in trade,agriculture or industry as opposed to working as subordinates to European settlers. Laws supported the aspirations of political leaders such as Simon Muhango and Levi Zililo Mumba,both educated at Livingstonia schools.
James Frederick Sangala was a founding member of the Nyasaland African Congress during the period of British colonial rule. Sangala was given the nickname "Pyagusi",which means "one who perseveres".
James Ralph Nthinda Chinyama was a leading member of the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) during the period of British colonial rule in Nyasaland,which became the independent state of Malawi in 1964.
Thamar Dillon Thomas Banda ("TDT") was a politician in Nyasaland in the years prior to independence. He was President-General of the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) from 1957 to 1958,and founded the Congress Liberation Party in 1959.
Charles Jameson Matinga was a politician in Nyasaland before the colony obtained independence from the British.
Sir Geoffrey Francis Taylor Colby was a British colonial administrator who was Governor of the protectorate of Nyasaland between 1948 and 1956. He fought unsuccessfully against creation of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
Sir Edmund Charles Smith Richards (1889-1955) was a British colonial administrator who was Resident Commissioner of Basutoland from 1935 to 1942 and Governor of Nyasaland from 1942 to 1947.
John Buchanan (1855–1896),was a Scottish horticulturist who went to Central Africa,now Malawi,in 1876 as a lay member of the missionary party that established Blantyre Mission. Buchanan came to Central Africa as an ambitious artisan:his character was described as dour and devout but also as restlessly ambitious,and he saw in Central Africa a gateway to personal achievement. He started a mission farm on the site of Zomba,Malawi but was dismissed from the mission in 1881 for brutality. From being a disgraced missionary,Buchanan first became a very influential planter owning,with his brothers,extensive estates in Zomba District. He then achieved the highest position he could in the British administration as Acting British Consul to Central Africa from 1887 to 1891. In that capacity declared a protectorate over the Shire Highlands in 1889 to pre-empt a Portuguese expedition that intended to claim sovereignty over that region. In 1891,the Shire Highlands became part of the British Central Africa Protectorate. John Buchanan died at Chinde in Mozambique in March 1896 on his way to visit Scotland,and his estates were later acquired by the Blantyre and East Africa Ltd.
Augustine Bwanausi was born in Malawi,then called Nyasaland,in 1930 and trained as a science teacher,but was also politically active in the Nyasaland African Congress,campaigning for the end of colonial rule. In March 1959,a State of Emergency was declared,and Bwanausi was arrested as a leading Congress member and detained until 1960. On his release,he joined the Malawi Congress Party and in 1961 was elected to the Legislative Council,becoming Minister of Internal Affairs and Development in the same year. In 1963,he became Minister of Works. In 1964,there was a confrontation between Banda and most of his ministers,which led to the sacking of Bwanausi and two of his cabinet colleagues in September 1964. Three other cabinet ministers resigned in sympathy,and although Banda was willingness to re-instate Bwanausi and one or two other ministers,their insistence on all be reinstated ended any hope of a reconciliation. In October 1964,Bwanausi left Malawi for Zambia,where he resumed teaching,and was active in Malawian exile politics until his death in a car accident in 1973.
George Simeon Mwase was a government clerk and later businessman and politician in colonial Nyasaland. He became politically active in the 1920s under the influence of the ideas of Marcus Garvey and his "Africa for the Africans" movement,and was instrumental in founding the Central Province Native Association in 1927. Mwase joined the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) in 1944,soon after its formation,and later participated in its executive. By the late 1950s,the gradualism of Mwase and many of his contemporaries was rejected by a younger generation of more radical NAC members. He was marginalised and left the NAC and became a supporter of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
The name Karonga War is given to a number of armed clashes that took place between mid-1887 and mid-1889 near Karonga at the northern end of Lake Malawi in what is now Malawi between a Scottish trading concern called the African Lakes Company Limited and elements of the Ngonde people on one side and Swahili traders and their Henga allies on the other. In the 19th century,it was referred to as the “Arab War”,despite few actual Arabs being involved. Although these conflicts predate formal endorsement of a British Central Africa Protectorate west of Lake Malawi in 1891,European involvement,both by the African Lakes Company and by Germans attempting to prevent Swahili slave trading around Lake Tanganyika in German East Africa,had upset the previous balance between the Ngonde and their neighbours and created the conditions for this conflict.
Since 1933,various traditional chiefs in Nyasaland have been designated as Native Authorities,initially by the colonial administration,and they numbered 105 in 1949.. They represented a form of the Indirect rule which had become popular in British African dependencies in the second quarter of the 20th century,although Nyasaland's Native Authorities had fewer powers and smaller incomes than similar institutions in other African colonies. The Native Authority system worked reasonably effectively until after the Second World War,when they were obliged to enforce unpopular government agricultural policies and,in some cases,their support for the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland made Native Authorities unpopular with many of their people. After 1953,many of the powers of individual chiefs were transferred to councils which became the Native Authorities,although the chiefs sat on these councils. After independence,the authorities were renamed Traditional Authorities and continued to operate,and the status and influence of many of the chiefs revived through their cooperation with the Malawi government of Hastings Banda.
The Nyasaland emergency of 1959 was a state of emergency in the protectorate of Nyasaland,which was declared by its governor,Sir Robert Armitage,on 3 March 1959 and which ended on 16 June 1960. Under the emergency powers that operated during the Emergency,over 1,300 members or supporters of the Nyasaland African Congress (Congress) were detained without trial,and most of the party's leaders including its president,Dr. Hastings Banda,were imprisoned in Southern Rhodesia after being arrested on 3 March. Many other Africans were jailed for offences related to the Emergency,including rioting and criminal damage. In the week before the Emergency was declared and during its first month,over 50 Africans were killed and many more wounded by the colonial security forces,which included many European troops from Southern Rhodesia. Others were beaten by troops or armed police or had their huts destroyed and their property seized during punitive operations undertaken during the Emergency.
The Makololo chiefs recognised by the governments of colonial Nyasaland and independent Malawi have their origin in a group of porters that David Livingstone brought from Barotseland in the 1850s to support his first Zambezi expedition that did not return to Barotseland but assisted Livingstone and British missionaries in the area of southern Malawi between 1859 and 1864. After the withdrawal of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa those Makololo remaining in the Shire valley used firearms provided by the Europeans to attract dependants seeking protection,to seize land and to establish a number of chieftainships. At the time that a British protectorate was established in 1891,there were seven Makololo chiefs of which six were recognised by the government. Five survived to be given local governmental powers in 1933,and these powers continued after Malawi became independent. Although called Makololo or Kololo,after the ruling group in Barotseland in the 1850s,the majority came from peoples subject to the Makololo who adopted the more prestigious name. As,regardless of their origin,they took wives from among the inhabitants of the Shire Valley,their modern descendants have little connection with the Kololo people apart from their name.
References
- 1 2 Thompson 1995, pp. 222.
- ↑ Thompson 1995, pp. 96.
- ↑ Ranger 1975, pp. 46.
- ↑ McCracken 2008, pp. 189.
- ↑ Ranger 1975, pp. 102.
- ↑ Abdallah & Sanderson 1919, pp. xiii.
- ↑ Thompson 1995, pp. 170.
- ↑ McCracken 2008, pp. 307.
- ↑ Meebelo 1971, pp. 238.
- ↑ Okoth 2006, pp. 116.
- ↑ McCracken 2008, pp. 309.
- ↑ McCracken 2008, pp. 320.
- ↑ McCracken 2008, pp. 314.
- ↑ Roberts & Oliver 1986, pp. 642.
- ↑ Ross 2009, pp. 39.
- ↑ Stokes 1966, pp. 403.
- 1 2 Rotberg 1965, pp. 124.
- ↑ Stokes 1966, pp. 406.
- 1 2 Okoth 2006, pp. 117.
- ↑ Ross 2009, pp. 64.
- ↑ Power 2010, pp. 44.
- ↑ Power 2010, pp. 47.
- ↑ Ross 2009, pp. 65.
- ↑ Ranger 1975, pp. 105.
- ↑ McCracken 2008, pp. 239.
- ↑ Thompson 1995, pp. 163.
- ↑ Morris 2000, pp. 189.
- ↑ Ranger 1975, pp. 45–46.
- ↑ McCracken 2008, pp. 287.
- ↑ Rotberg 1965, pp. 52–53.
- ↑ Lamba 2010, pp. 62.
- ↑ Lamba 2010, pp. 199.
- ↑ Lamba 2010, pp. 63.
- ↑ Lamba 2010, pp. 14.
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