List of Kentucky slave traders

Map of Kentucky engraved by Young and Delleker for the 1827 edition of Anthony Finley's General Atlas (Geographicus Rare Antique Maps)

Cheapside market in Lexington, Kentucky in the 1850s

This is a list of slave traders active in the U.S. state of Kentucky from settlement until the end of the American Civil War in 1865.

• A. Blackwell, Lexington ^[1]
• Lewis Allen, "professional kidnapper," Maysville ^[2]
• David Anderson, Kentucky ^[3] and Baltimore (?) ^[4]
• John W. Anderson, Mason County ^[5]
• Jordan Arterburn ^{[6] [7] [8]}
• Tarlton Arterburn ^{[6] [9] [8]}
• Atkinson & Richardson, Tennessee, Kentucky, and St. Louis, Mo. ^[10]
• J. H. Bagby ^[11]
• J. G. Barclay & Co. ^[12]
• Kinchen Battoe, Kentucky ^[13]
• William Beck, Glasgow, Ky. ^[14]
• Blackwell and Ballard ^[15]
• Blackwell, Murphy, and Ferguson, Kentucky ^[15] and Forks of the Road, Natchez, Miss. ^[16]
• Washington Bolton, Lexington ^[8]
• Bolton, Dickens & Co. ^[17]
• Boyce, Kentucky ^[18]
• Boyce, near Frankfort, Ky. ^[19]
• Return Bradley, Clark County, and New Orleans ^[20]
• Dr. Brady, Hopkinsville, Ky. ^[21]
• Robert B. "Old Bob" Brashear, Salem, Va. ^[22] and Alexandria, Va. ^[23] and New Orleans and Louisville, Ky. ^[24]
• P. N. Brent, Lexington ^{[25] [17]}
• Booz Browner, Robards gang trading agent and kidnapper ^[26]
• J. C. Buckles ^[7]
• Jacob T. Cassell ^[7]
• Joshua Cates, Christian County, Ky. ^[27]
• John Clark, Louisville ^{[7] [17] [28] [29] [30] [31]}
• John R. Cleary, Lexington ^[1]
• David Cobb, Lexington, Alabama, and Mississippi ^[32]
• Asa Collins, Lexington ^{[15] [33]}
• H. Collons, Lexington ^[1]
• A. B. Colwell, Lexington ^{[1] [25] [17] [34]}
• Corbin, South Carrollton on Green River ^[35]
• Mr. Cooper, Kentucky ^[36]
• Thomas W. Davis, Pine Grove, Lexington–Leestown Road ^{[37] [38]}
• William P. Davis, Louisville ^{[39] [40]}
• E. R. Dean ^[41]
• R. H. Elam ^[15]
• George Ernwine ^[7]
• George Ferguson, Lexington ^[1]
• Floyd, Kentucky and Natchez ^[42]
• Ford, Kentucky, Mississippi, and New Orleans ^{[43] [44]}
• Hugh L. Foster ^[7]
• Matthew Garrison ^{[9] [8]}
• J. C. Gentry, Louisville ^[45]
• Austin Gibbons ^[7]
• Ben. Gilbert, Louisville ^[46]
• Gray & Stewart ^[47]
• C. C. Green & Co. ^[48]
• Pierce Griffin, Lexington ^{[49] [50] [51]}
• John Harris, Kentucky, possibly kidnapping in Richmond, Indiana ^[52]
• Harrison, Washington County, Ky. ^[53]
• Henry H. Haynes, Kentucky, and Nashville, Tenn. ^{[15] [54] [55]}
• J. M. Heady, Lexington ^{[25] [56]}
• David Heran ^[7]
• J. M. Hewett ^[11]
• William Hill, Robards gang trading agent and kidnapper ^[26]
• W. A. Holland ^[48]
• Judge Houston, Hopkinsville, Ky. ^[21]
• Michael Hughes, Lexington ^{[50] [51]}
• Hughes & Downing, Lexington ^{[50] [57]}
• John Hunter, Louisville ^[58]
• Jordan and Tolt, Louisville and New Orleans ^[59]
• Kelly ^[60]
• Thomas Kelly, Louisville ^[11]
• William H. Kelly ^{[6] [17] [61] [62] [63] [64]}
• James Kelly, Kentucky ^[44]
• Hiram Lawrence, Lexington ^[1]
• Joshua Lee, Louisville ^[65]
• Lipscum & Day, Frankfort ^[66]
• R. W. Lucas, Lexington ^{[1] [17]}
• John Madinglay, Nelson County ^[67]
• George W. Maraman, Robards gang trading agent and kidnapper ^[26]
• Silas Marshall, Lexington ^{[1] [17] [68]}
• George S. Marshall ^{[1] [17]}
• James G. Mathers, Lexington ^{[69] [70]}
• Bill Matney ^[71]
• John Mattingly, Louisville and Lexington ^{[6] [72] [73] [63]} and St. Louis, Mo. ^{[74] [75]}
• Neal McCann, Lexington ^{[76] [17]}
• McGowan, Lexington ^[25]
• McGowan, Woolford County ^[77]
• James McMillin, Maysville ^{[5] [78]}
• Thomas B. Megowan, Lexington ^[50]
• John Miller, Green County and Mississippi ^[79]
• John T. Montjoy, Robards gang trading agent and kidnapper ^[26]
• Muir, Ormsby & Co. ^[7]
• Felix G. Murphy, Lexington ^[1]
• Bill Myers, Madison County ^[67]
• Elijah Noble, Frankfort ^[80]
• Joseph H. Northcutt ^[1]
• Northcutt, Marshall & Co. ^[81]
• Warren Offutt, Woodford County, and Natchez ^{[82] [83] [84] [85]}
• Ellis Oldham, Madison County ^[78]
• Otterman, Louisville ^{[28] [86]}
• Owens, Georgetown ^[87]
• George Payton, Robards gang trading agent and kidnapper ^[26]
• Peck, Washington County, Ky. ^[88]
• Benjamin Ward Powell, Natchez, Miss., ^{[89] [90]} Louisville, Ky. and New Orleans ^[91]
• Thomas A. Powell, Louisville ^{[6] [8] [63] [61] [64]} and Montgomery, Ala. ^{[92] [93]} and St. Louis, ^[94] and New Orleans
• William A. Pullum, Lexington ^{[1] [50] [95]}
• Pulliam, Lexington ^[96]
• Redford ^[60]
• Gabriel Reed ^[7]
• Reynolds, Louisville, Ky. ^[97]
• Alfred O. Robards, Robards gang trading agent and kidnapper ^[26]
• Lewis C. Robards, Lexington ^{[50] [70]}
• David Ross, Louisville, Ky. ^[98]
• Franklin B. Rust, Covington ^[99]
• A. C. Scott ^[45]
• Austin H. Slaughter ^[7]
• William Stansberry, Kentucky and Mississippi ^[100]
• Everett Stillwell, Robards gang trading agent and kidnapper ^[26]
• Edward Stone, Bourbon County and Harrison County ^[5] ("Bluegrass area") ^[67]
• John Stickney, Louisville ^[101]
• John Stringer ^[7]
• William F. Talbott, Louisville and Lexington ^{[6] [15] [17] [102]}
• Joseph Thompson, Harrison County ^[103]
• Robert H. Thompson, Lexington ^{[1] [17]}
• Unidentified traders, Mt. Sterling ^[104]
• J. Watson, Louisville ^[39]
• Richard Watson, Louisville, Ky. and New Orleans ^[105]
• Silas Wheeler, Clinton County ^[106]
• Robert K. White ^[7]
• W. F. White, Lexington ^[107]
• W. P. White & Co., Lexington ^[1]
• Wilson, Shelbyville and Lexington ^[108]
• Emanuel Wolfe ^[7]
• Heaman Wood ^[7]
• Rodes Woods, Robards gang trading agent and kidnapper ^[26]
• Charles H. Woolford ^[7]
• Henry Young, "professional kidnapper," Maysville ^[2]
• John S. Young, Louisville ^{[109] [110]}

See also

• History of slavery in Kentucky
• List of Alabama slave traders
• List of District of Columbia slave traders
• List of Georgia and Florida slave traders
• List of Maryland and Delaware slave traders
• List of Missouri slave traders
• List of Texas slave traders
• Family separation in American slavery
• List of largest slave sales in the United States
• Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade
• Kidnapping into slavery in the United States
• Bibliography of the slave trade in the United States
• Slave markets and slave jails in the United States

Citations

1. Bancroft (2023), p. 132.
2. Clark (1934), p. 339.
3. Calderhead (1977), p. 202.
4. Schermerhorn (2016), p. 219.
5. Coon (2009), p. 835.
6. McDougle (1918), p. 20.
7. Bancroft (2023), p. 129.
8. Coleman (1940), p. 167.
9. Bancroft (2023), pp. 128–129.
10. Hedrick (1927), p. 92.
11. Bancroft (2023), p. 127.
12. Bancroft (2023), pp. 125–126.
13. "Forgery and Scoundrelism". The Louisville Daily Courier. October 12, 1857. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
14. "Is Bound to Remain Rock-Ribbed Democrat". The Anaconda Standard. August 22, 1905. p. 11. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
15. Clark (1934), p. 337.
16. Sydnor (1933), p. 156.
17. Coleman (1940), p. 166.
18. "Twenty Dollars Reward". The Mississippi Messenger. June 24, 1806. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
19. Lundy, Benjamin F., ed. (November 1830). "From the National Gazette: The Domestic Slave Trade". Genius of Universal Emancipation. Vol. 1, no. 8. Microfilmed by Open Court Publishing Co. pp. 127–128 – via Internet Archive.
20. "Nelson Grey searching for his brother Henry Garner · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
21. "Slave Narratives Of Kentucky". genealogytrails.com. Retrieved 2024-07-13.
22. "Cash for Negroes". Alexandria Gazette. March 11, 1851. p. 3.
23. "Robert B. Brashear". Alexandria Gazette. March 17, 1849. p. 3.
24. "Superstitious Sports - N. O. Times Picayune". The Shelby Guide. June 10, 1869. p. 4.
25. Clark (1934), p. 336.
26. Coleman (1940), p. 211.
27. Perrin (1884), p. 68.
28. James (1886), p. 17.
29. "Charge of Inhumanity to a Negro". The Louisville Daily Courier. May 19, 1858. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
30. "Attempt to Sell Free Negroes". The Louisville Daily Courier. October 26, 1859. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
31. "Entry for John Clark and Lenll D Clark, 1860". United States Census, 1860. FamilySearch.
32. "Cobb". Literary Cadet and Rhode-Island Statesman. October 14, 1826. p. 2. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
33. "July 22, 1854, Lexington Observer". The Lexington Herald. May 12, 1913. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
34. "Negroes for Sale". The Louisville Daily Courier. February 18, 1857. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
35. "Mrs. Patsey Smith (formerly Crockett) searching for her children Frank, Henry, Jane, and Ben · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
36. "NOTICE". The Argus of Western America. March 21, 1822. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
37. "Lexington-Leestown Road by Ermina Jett Darnell". Lexington Herald-Leader. December 26, 1952. p. 2. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
38. "Pine Grove, built by Thomas W. Davis, a slave trader. In the basement is a dungeon. Close up shot of Pine Grove with tree in foreground. · John C. Wyatt Lexington Herald-Leader photographs". lhlphotoarchive.org. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
39. Pettus (1924), p. 9.
40. "Entry for Willim P Davis and Eliza P Davis, 1860". United States Census, 1860. FamilySearch.
41. Bancroft (2023), pp. 129–130.
42. "100 Dollars Reward". The Impartial Review and Cumberland Repository. November 1, 1806. p. 3. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
43. "More of the Princess Disaster". The Louisville Daily Courier. March 10, 1859. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
44. Sydnor (1933), p. 155.
45. McDougle (1918), p. 22.
46. "F. G. Gilbert searching for his mother Eliza Miller and sisters Sarah Jane and Rosa Miller · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
47. Bancroft (2023), p. 126.
48. Bancroft (2023), p. 130.
49. "Emily Wilson (formerly Emily Priest) searching for her daughter Mary Ann · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
50. Lucas (2014), p. 89.
51. Coleman (1940), p. 150.
52. Lundy, Benjamin F., ed. (May 1832). "Kidnapping". Genius of Universal Emancipation. Vol. 2, no. 12. Microfilmed by Open Court Publishing Co. pp. 191–192. Whole No. 276, Vol. XII – via Internet Archive.
53. Bedford (1919), p. 110.
54. Mooney (1971), p. 45.
55. Colby (2024), pp. 62–63.
56. Coleman (1940), pp. 155–156.
57. Coleman (1940), pp. 151–154.
58. "Monticello". Natchez Democrat. December 24, 1850. p. 3.
59. "Mrs. Charlotte Mitchell searching for her brother Henderson, father Davey Jackson, and mother Maria · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
60. Brown (1855), p. 114.
61. McDougle, Ivan E. (1918b). "Slavery in Kentucky: The Development of Slavery". The Journal of Negro History. 3 (3): 214–239 (230, traders). doi:10.2307/2713409. ISSN   0022-2992. JSTOR   2713409. S2CID   149804505.
62. "Negroes wanted". The Courier-Journal. July 4, 1844. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
63. Fitzpatrick (2008), p. 29.
64. O'Brien (2014), p. 826.
65. Bancroft (2023), p. 126–127.
66. "Mrs. Caroline Perkin searching for her mother Hannah Penn and siblings Coleman and Margaret Penn · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
67. Lucas (2014), p. 93.
68. Rothman, Joshua D. (October 6, 2021). "How the brutal trade in enslaved people has been whitewashed out of U.S. history". Pennsylvania Capital-Star. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
69. Clark (1934), p. 335.
70. Coleman (1940), p. 155.
71. "Rosean Letcher searching for her son Jerry Able · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
72. Clark (1934), pp. 336–337.
73. Coleman (1940), pp. 166–167.
74. "Democratic Slave Markets (St. Louis, Mo.), T. W. Higginson, New York Tribune". The Liberator. August 1, 1856. p. 1.
75. Stowe (1853), p. 356.
76. Stowe (1853), pp. 378–379.
77. "Amelia Fountain searching for her mother Margaret Johnson · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
78. Coleman (1940), p. 170.
79. "Martha Gaines searching for her brother John Gaines and father Ned Gaines · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
80. Pettus (1924), pp. 8–9.
81. Coleman (1940), p. 139.
82. "NOTICE: Warren Offutt wishes to purchase fifteen or twenty negroes". Kentucky Gazette. April 4, 1822. p. 3. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
83. "Ancient Slave Jail Stands Near Midway". Lexington Herald-Leader. June 30, 1938. p. 94. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
84. "Lot - Slave Traders Sell Slave to One of the Early Settlers of Spanish Natchez". www.universityarchives.com. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
85. "Old Negro Jail, Kentucky". Lexington Herald-Leader. April 29, 1901. p. 7. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
86. Smith, Harry. Fifty Years of Slavery in the United States of America. p. 106 – via Documenting the American South (docsouth.unc.edu).
87. "Polly Reed searching for her mother Clarisa and several siblings · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
88. Green, Elisha W. (1888). Life of the Rev. Elisha W. Green, One of the Founders of the Kentucky Normal and Theological Institute. Maysville, Kentucky: Republican Printing Office. p. 3. hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t2w37tf1b – via HathiTrust.
89. "100 Likely Young Negroes". Mississippi Free Trader. October 20, 1847. p. 3.
90. "Runaway". The Semi-Weekly Mississippi Free Trader. September 22, 1849. p. 3.
91. "$100 Reward". Baton-Rouge Gazette. June 5, 1847. p. 2.
92. Bancroft (2023), p. 295.
93. "Negroes for Sale". Southern Statesman. October 27, 1860. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
94. "Negroes Wanted and Boarded". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. May 6, 1847. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
95. Wilson (2023), p. 22.
96. "SLAVE PRISON was the old building on Elks Club grounds - Pulliam". Lexington Herald-Leader. February 7, 1904. p. 14. Retrieved 2025-01-18.
97. "Police Court". The Louisville Daily Courier. July 10, 1855. p. 8. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
98. "David Ross, 1861, 633 E Jefferson, Louisville, Kentucky, USA, Late Negro Trader". U.S., City Directories, 1822–1995. Ancestry.com.
99. McDaniel, W. Caleb. "Wiki - Frank Rust". Sweet Taste of Liberty: A True Story of Slavery and Restitution in America. rice.edu. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
100. "John, committed to jail in Warren County". Vicksburg Daily Whig. August 16, 1853. p. 3.
101. McDougle (1918), pp. 21–22.
102. Phillips (1936), p. 196. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFPhillips1936 (help)
103. "Petition 20783512". Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery. dlas.uncg.edu.
104. "Mrs. Nellie McGowan searching for her son Sandy McGowan · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
105. "Tragical Affair". The Louisville Daily Courier. December 1, 1851. p. 3.
106. "Entry for Silas Wheeler and Rosea Wheeler, 1860". United States Census, 1860. FamilySearch.
107. Coleman (1940), p. 156.
108. "Laura White (formerly Laura Taylor) searching for her sister Annie Barnett · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
109. Bancroft (2023), p. 128.
110. Coleman (1940), p. 127.

Sources

• Bancroft, Frederic (2023) [1931, 1996]. Slave Trading in the Old South (Original publisher: J. H. Fürst Co., Baltimore). Southern Classics Series. Introduction by Michael Tadman (Reprint ed.). Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN   978-1-64336-427-8. LCCN   95020493. OCLC   1153619151.
• Bedford, John R. (1919). "A Tour in 1807 Down the Cumberland, Ohio, and Mississippi Rivers from Nashville to New Orleans (Continued)". Tennessee Historical Magazine. 5 (2): 107–128. ISSN   2333-9012. JSTOR   42637417.
• Brown, John (1855). Chamerovzow, L. A (ed.). Slave Life in Georgia: A Narrative of the Life, Sufferings, and Escape of John Brown, a Fugitive Slave, Now in England. London: W. M. Watts. hdl:2027/coo.31924032774527. LCCN   13018452. OCLC   793886845 – via HathiTrust. – Also digitized by UNC's Documenting the American South Project
• Calderhead, William (1977). "The Role of the Professional Slave Trader in a Slave Economy: Austin Woolfolk, A Case Study". Civil War History. 23 (3): 195–211. doi:10.1353/cwh.1977.0041. ISSN   1533-6271. S2CID   143907436.
• Clark, T. D. (December 1934). "The Slave Trade between Kentucky and the Cotton Kingdom". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 21 (3). Urbana, Illinois: Mississippi Valley Historical Association: 331–342. doi:10.2307/1897378. ISSN   0161-391X. JSTOR   1897378. OCLC   35781793.
• Colby, Robert K. D. (2024). An Unholy Traffic: Slave Trading in the Civil War South. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197578261.001.0001. ISBN   9780197578285. LCCN   2023053721. OCLC   1412042395.
• Coleman, J. Winston (1940). Slavery Times in Kentucky. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. LCCN   40031785. OCLC   387590.
• Coon, Diane Perrine (2009). "Slavery". In Claypool, James C.; Tenkotte, Paul A. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Northern Kentucky. The University Press of Kentucky. pp. 834–836. ISBN   978-0-8131-2565-7. LCCN   2009027969. Project MUSE   book 37469.
•  Fitzpatrick, Benjamin Lewis (December 2008). Negroes for Sale: The Slave Trade in Antebellum Kentucky (Ph.D. thesis). University of Notre Dame. doi:10.7274/pn89d50750n.
• Hedrick, Charles Embury (1927). Social and Economic Aspects of Slavery in the Transmontane [West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee] Prior to 1850 (Ph.D. thesis). Contributions to Education No. 46. Nashville, Tennessee: George Peabody College for Teachers. OCLC   1415985132.
• James, Rev. Thomas (1886). Life of Rev. Thomas James, by Himself. Original held at Rochester Public Library. Rochester, N. Y.: Post Express Printing Company – via Documenting the American South, UNC Chapel Hill.
• Lucas, Marion B. (2014) [2003]. A History of Blacks in Kentucky: From Slavery to Segregation, 1760–1891 (2nd ed.). Frankfort: Kentucky Historical Society. ISBN   978-0-916968-32-8. LCCN   92024574. OCLC   1007290645. Project MUSE   book 56781.
• McDougle, Ivan E. (1918). Slavery in Kentucky, 1792–1865. Library of Congress. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Press of the New Era Printing Company.
• Mooney, Chase C. (1971) [1957]. "Chapter Two: Hire, Sale, Theft and Flight of Slaves". Slavery in Tennessee. Indiana University Publications, Social Science Series No. 17 (Reprint ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Negro Universities Press. pp. 29–63. ISBN   0837155223. LCCN   74138683. OCLC   609222448 – via HathiTrust.
• Pettus, Shirley Gill (1924). The Antecedents of the Civil War in Kentucky, 1848–1860 (M.A. thesis). University of Wisconsin. hdl:2027/wu.89089881957 – via HathiTrust.
• O'Brien, Mary Lawrence Bickett (2014) [2001]. "Slavery in Louisville 1820–1860". In Kleber, John E. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Louisville. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 825–826. ISBN   978-0-8131-2100-0. LCCN   99053755. OCLC   900344482. Project MUSE   book 37208.
• Perrin, William Henry, ed. (1884). Counties of Christian and Trigg, Kentucky, Historical and Biographical. Chicago and Louisville: F. A. Battey Publishing Co. p. 68. hdl:2027/chi.18154288. OCLC   919846047. OL   22973645M – via HathiTrust.
• Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell (1918). American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Régime. New York: D. Appleton and Company. LCCN   18011187. OCLC   654259743. OL   13992719M. – Also digitized by Project Gutenberg
• Schermerhorn, Calvin (2016). "Chapter 10. The Coastwise Slave Trade and a Mercantile Community of Interest". In Rockman, Seth Edward; Beckert, Sven (eds.). Slavery's Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development. Early American Studies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 209–224. doi:10.9783/9780812293098-011. ISBN   978-0-8122-4841-8. JSTOR   j.ctt1dfnrs7. LCCN   2016304619. OCLC   945028802.
• Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1853). A key to Uncle Tom's cabin: presenting the original facts and documents upon which the story is founded . Boston: J. P. Jewett & Co. LCCN   02004230. OCLC   317690900. OL   21879838M. 
• Sydnor, Charles S. (1933). Slavery in Mississippi. American Historical Association, Carnegie Corporation of New York. New York: D. Appleton-Century Co. LCCN   33033678. OCLC   1968805.
• Wilson, Brandon R. (2023). "Chapter I: Slave Incarceration at the Foundation of Kentucky Finance". In Smith, Gerald L. (ed.). Slavery and Freedom in the Bluegrass State: Revisiting My Old Kentucky Home. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. doi:10.2307/j.ctv32nxz6m.4. ISBN   978-0-8131-9616-9. JSTOR   j.ctv32nxz6m.4 .