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Well-to-refinery CI of all major active oil fields globally
In an August 31, 2018 article by Masnadi et al which was published Science, the authors used "open-source oil-sector CI modeling tools" to "model well-to-refinery CI of all major active oil fields globally—and to identify major drivers of these emissions."[1] They produced a table of the 92 countries with the highest crude oil footprint.[1][2]
"International data for carbon dioxide emissions from the consumption of energy include emissions due to the consumption of petroleum, natural gas, and coal, and also from natural gas flaring [...] [These data] do not include emissions from geothermal power generation, cement production and other industrial process, or municipal solid waste combustion." - Notes for International Energy Statistics (archived 4 July 2014).
1 2 Masnadi, Mohammad S.; El-Houjeiri, Hassan M.; Schunack, Dominik; Li, Yunpo; Englander, Jacob G.; Badahdah, Alhassan; Monfort, Jean-Christophe; Anderson, James E.; Wallington, Timothy J.; Bergerson, Joule A.; Gordon, Deborah; Koomey, Jonathan; Przesmitzki, Steven; Azevedo, Inês L.; Bi, Xiaotao T.; Duffy, James E.; Heath, Garvin A.; Keoleian, Gregory A.; McGlade, Christophe; Meehan, D. Nathan; Yeh, Sonia; You, Fengqi; Wang, Michael; Brandt, Adam R. (August 31, 2018). "Global carbon intensity of crude oil production". Science. 361 (6405): 851–853. Bibcode:2018Sci...361..851M. doi:10.1126/science.aar6859. ISSN0036-8075. PMID30166477.
An emission intensity is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP). Emission intensities are used to derive estimates of air pollutant or greenhouse gas emissions based on the amount of fuel combusted, the number of animals in animal husbandry, on industrial production levels, distances traveled or similar activity data. Emission intensities may also be used to compare the environmental impact of different fuels or activities. In some case the related terms emission factor and carbon intensity are used interchangeably. The jargon used can be different, for different fields/industrial sectors; normally the term "carbon" excludes other pollutants, such as particulate emissions. One commonly used figure is carbon intensity per kilowatt-hour (CIPK), which is used to compare emissions from different sources of electrical power.
A carbon footprint is historically defined as the total emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent. Greenhouse gases (GHGs), including carbon dioxide, can be emitted through land clearance and the production and consumption of food, fuels, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads, buildings, transportation and other services.
World energy consumption is the total energy produced and used by the entire human civilization. Typically measured per year, it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source applied towards humanity's endeavors across every single industrial and technological sector, across every country. It does not include energy from food, and the extent to which direct biomass burning has been accounted for is poorly documented. Being the power source metric of civilization, world energy consumption has deep implications for humanity's socio-economic-political sphere.
Norway is a large energy producer, and one of the world's largest exporters of oil. Most of the electricity in the country is produced by hydroelectricity. Norway is one of the leading countries in the electrification of its transport sector, with the largest fleet of electric vehicles per capita in the world.
Ensuring adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the Chinese government since 1949. Primary energy use in China was 26,250 TWh and 20 TWh per million persons in 2009. According to the International Energy Agency, the primary energy use grew 40% and electricity use 70% from 2004 to 2009.
The Chinese national carbon trading scheme is a cap and trade system for carbon dioxide emissions set to be implemented by the end of 2017. This emission trading scheme (ETS) creates a carbon market where emitters can buy and sell emission credits. From this scheme, China can limit emissions, but allow economic freedom for emitters to reduce emissions or purchase emission allowances from other emitters. China is currently the largest emitter of greenhouse gases and many major Chinese cities have severe air pollution. With this plan, China will soon be the largest market in carbon trading. The scheme will limit emissions from six of China's top carbon dioxide emitting industries, including coal-fired power plants. China was able to gain experience in drafting and implementation of an ETS plan from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), where China was part of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). From this experience with carbon markets, and lengthy discussions with the next largest carbon market, the European Union (EU), as well as analysis of small scale pilot markets in major Chinese cities and provinces, China's national ETS will be the largest of its kind and will help China achieve its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) from the Paris Agreement in 2016.
A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3). Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about −18 °C (0 °F), rather than the present average of 15 °C (59 °F). The atmospheres of Venus, Mars and Titan also contain greenhouse gases.
Italy consumed about 185 Mtoe of primary energy in 2010. This came mostly from fossil fuels. Among the most used resources are petroleum, natural gas, coal and renewables.
Petroleum is one of the main sources of energy in the World. Petroleum and its by-products are used to fuel various forms of transportation, industry and domestic electricity use. Petroleum is also used to manufacture plastics which provides products essential for daily life. Also, petroleum has helped create many products like cosmetics, tyres (rubber) pesticides etc. Over the years there have been increased concerns over the environmental effects of the petroleum industry. The environmental impacts of petroleum are mainly negative. This is due to the toxicity of petroleum which contributes to air pollution, acid rain, and various illnesses in humans. Petroleum also fuels climate change, due to the increased greenhouse gas emissions in its extraction, refinement, transport and consumption phases.
Electricity sector in Luxembourg describes electricity issues in Luxembourg. Luxembourg is a member of OECD and European Union. Luxembourg imports most of its energy. Luxembourg is the EU country with the second smallest forecast of renewables in 2020. Luxembourg has one of the highest emissions of carbon dioxide per person in Europe.
Energy in Singapore describes energy related issues in Singapore, which is a developed country located in eastern Asia. Energy imports to other are about three times the primary energy supplied in the country itself. Additionally, oil exports in relation to the population demands of the country itself are concerningly high.
ENERGY IN EARTH IS TRASH, WE ARE ALL TRASH ASWELL WE NEED TO SERIOUSLY CHANGE OUR WORLD TO A BETTER PLACE STOP POLLUTION, GET RID OF THE GALAXY, BEFORE ALIENS TAKE OVER THE WORLD AND WE ALL DIE. BUILD A BUNKER GAVER FOOD AND WATER, BUILD A SURVIVAL BAG/RUCKSACK FULL OF MEDICAL AND OVER APPLIANCES BEFORE OTS TO LATE. DO SOMETHING NOW TO CHANGE OUR WORLD OR DIE FULL OF SHAME AND BE HATED FOREVER.
Energy in Portugal describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Portugal. Energy policy of Portugal will describe the politics of Portugal related to energy more in detail. Electricity sector in Portugal is the main article of electricity in Portugal.
Primary energy use in Slovakia was 194 TWh and 36 TWh per million inhabitants in 2009.
The Canadian province of Alberta faces a number of environmental issues related to natural resource extraction—including gas and oil industry with its oils sands—endangered species, melting glaciers, floods and droughts, wildfires, and global climate change. While the oil and gas industries generates substantial economic wealth, the Athabasca oil sands, which are situated almost entirely in Alberta, are the "fourth most carbon intensive on the planet behind Algeria, Venezuela and Cameroon" according to an August 8, 2018 article in the American Association for the Advancement of Science's (AAAS) journal Science. This article details some of the environmental issues including past ecological disasters in Alberta and describes some of the efforts at the municipal, provincial and federal level to mitigate the risks and impacts.
Greenhouse gas emissions by China are the largest in the world and are mainly from coal. Global warming cannot be kept below 2 °C unless coal use in China falls sharply. China emitted over 12 gigatonnes (Gt) CO2eq of greenhouse gases in 2014; almost 30% of the world total. Over 7 tonnes are emitted per person each year, over the world and EU average but much less than per person greenhouse gas emissions by the United States.
Andrew Leach (economist) is a Canadian energy and environmental economist and a contributing writer to a number of Canadian news outlets including The Globe and Mail, and Maclean's. His research areas span energy and environmental economics—including topics such as oil sands regulation, clean energy innovations, with a specific focus on climate change policies.
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