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Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium . It can be spread by water or contact with contaminated surfaces. [1]
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Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium . It can be spread by water or contact with contaminated surfaces. [1]
| Year | Location | Number of cases | Outbreak source | Link to article | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | Cranbrook | 2,000 | [2] | ||
| 1996 | Kelowna | 10,000–15,000 | [2] |
| Year | Location | Number of cases | Outbreak source | Link to article | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Emilia-Romagna | 294 | Water supply | [3] | |
| 2019 | Tuscan–Emilian Apennines | 75 | Water supply | [4] |
| Year | Location | Number of cases | Outbreak source | Link to article | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Tauranga | 1 | School | [5] | |
| 1997 | Waikato | 170 | [5] | ||
| 1997 | Tauranga | Unknown | [6] | ||
| 2003 | Masterton | "Few" | Water supply | [5] | |
| 2010 | Auckland | 7 | Swimming pool | [7] | |
| 2010 | Christchurch | 17 | Unknown | [7] | |
| 2013 | Hawke's Bay | 22 | Swimming pool | [7] | |
| 2013 | Waikato | 5 | Unknown | [7] | |
| 2013 | Wellington | 5 | Unknown | [7] | |
| 2013 | Taranaki | 3 | Unknown | [7] | |
| 2015 | Auckland | 6 | Raw milk | [7] | |
| 2017 | Auckland | 9 | Childcare centre | [7] | |
| 2018 | Kapiti Coast | 11 | Water playground | [8] | |
| 2021 | Taranaki | 6 | Raw milk | [7] | |
| 2021 | Taranaki | 4 | Raw milk | [7] | |
| 2023 | Queenstown | 72 | Unknown | Queenstown cryptosporidiosis outbreak | [9] |
| Year | Location | Number of cases | Outbreak source | Link to article | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Östersund | 27,000 | Water supply | [10] [11] | |
| 2011 | Skellefteå | 20,000 | Water supply | [12] | |
| 2015 | Gothenburg | 83 | Food | [13] |
| Year | Location | Number of cases | Outbreak source | Link to article | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | Oxfordshire | 500 | Farmoor Reservoir [14] | [15] | |
| 1995 | Torbay | 508 | [16] [17] [18] | ||
| 2008 | Northamptonshire | 22 | Pitsford Reservoir | [19] | |
| 2013 | Gloucestershire | 6 | Farm | [20] | |
| 2013 | Kingston upon Hull | 18 | Swimming pool | [21] | |
| 2016 | Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Wiltshire | 223 | Swimming pool | [22] | |
| 2016 | Gateshead | 7 | Swimming pool | [23] | |
| 2024 | Brixham | 100 | Water supply | Devon cryptosporidiosis outbreak | [24] |
| Year | Location | Number of cases | Outbreak source | Link to article | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Northern Ireland | 129 | [25] | ||
| 2000 | Northern Ireland | 117 | [25] | ||
| 2001 | Northern Ireland | 275 | Water supply | [26] |
| Year | Location | Number of cases | Outbreak source | Link to article | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Glasgow | 90 | Loch Katrine | [27] | |
| 2002 | Aberdeen | 140 | River Dee | [27] | |
| 2002 | Perth | 8 | Perth Leisure Pool | [28] | |
| 2010 | Cumbernauld | 16 | Swimming pool | [29] |
| Year | Location | Number of cases | Outbreak source | Link to article | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | Gwynedd | 231 | Llyn Cwellyn | [30] [31] | |
| 2012 | Cwmbran | 8 | Farm | [32] | |
| 2012 | Newport | 20 | Swimming pool | [33] |
| Year | Location | Number of cases | Outbreak source | Link to article | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Pasco County | 10 | [34] |
| Year | Location | Number of cases | Outbreak source | Link to article | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1987 | Carroll County | 13,000 | 1987 Carroll County cryptosporidiosis outbreak | [35] |
| Year | Location | Number of cases | Outbreak source | Link to article | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | Milwaukee | 403,000 | 1993 Milwaukee cryptosporidiosis outbreak | [36] |
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea or diarrhœa, is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements in a day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour. This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe. Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are exclusively breastfed, however, are normal.
Mpox is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and other animals. Symptoms include a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. The illness is usually mild, and most infected individuals recover within a few weeks without treatment. The time from exposure to the onset of symptoms ranges from three to seventeen days, and symptoms typically last from two to four weeks. However, cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women, or people with suppressed immune systems.
Cryptosporidiosis, sometimes informally called crypto, is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium, a genus of protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. It affects the distal small intestine and can affect the respiratory tract in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, resulting in watery diarrhea with or without an unexplained cough. In immunosuppressed individuals, the symptoms are particularly severe and can be fatal. It is primarily spread through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water; recent evidence suggests that it can also be transmitted via fomites contaminated with respiratory secretions.
Hepatitis E is inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV); it is a type of viral hepatitis. Hepatitis E has mainly a fecal-oral transmission route that is similar to hepatitis A, although the viruses are unrelated. HEV is a positive-sense, single-stranded, nonenveloped, RNA icosahedral virus and one of five known human hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.
Giardiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Giardia duodenalis. Infected individuals who experience symptoms may have diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Less common symptoms include vomiting and blood in the stool. Symptoms usually begin one to three weeks after exposure and, without treatment, may last two to six weeks or longer.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus, which causes influenza (flu), predominantly in birds. It is enzootic in many bird populations, and also panzootic. A/H5N1 virus can also infect mammals that have been exposed to infected birds; in these cases, symptoms are frequently severe or fatal.
Nipah virus is a bat-borne, zoonotic virus that causes Nipah virus infection in humans and other animals, a disease with a very high mortality rate (40-75%). Numerous disease outbreaks caused by Nipah virus have occurred in South East Africa and Southeast Asia. Nipah virus belongs to the genus Henipavirus along with the Hendra virus, which has also caused disease outbreaks.
Cryptosporidium, sometimes called crypto, is an apicomplexan genus of alveolates which are parasites that can cause a respiratory and gastrointestinal illness (cryptosporidiosis) that primarily involves watery diarrhea, sometimes with a persistent cough.
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite that causes a diarrheal disease called cyclosporiasis in humans and possibly in other primates. Originally reported as a novel pathogen of probable coccidian nature in the 1980s and described in the early 1990s, it was virtually unknown in developed countries until awareness increased due to several outbreaks linked with fecally contaminated imported produce. C. cayetanensis has since emerged as an endemic cause of diarrheal disease in tropical countries and a cause of traveler's diarrhea and food-borne infections in developed nations. This species was placed in the genus Cyclospora because of the spherical shape of its sporocysts. The specific name refers to the Cayetano Heredia University in Lima, Peru, where early epidemiological and taxonomic work was done.
The 1993 Milwaukee cryptosporidiosis outbreak was a significant distribution of the Cryptosporidium protozoan in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and the largest waterborne disease outbreak in documented United States history. It is suspected that The Howard Avenue Water Purification Plant, one of two water treatment plants in Milwaukee at the time, was contaminated. It is believed that the contamination was due to an ineffective filtration process. Approximately 403,000 residents were affected resulting in illness and hospitalization. Immediate repairs were made to the treatment facilities along with continued infrastructure upgrades during the 25 years since the outbreak. The total cost of the outbreak, in productivity loss and medical expenses, was $96 million. At least 69 people died as a result of the outbreak. The city of Milwaukee has spent upwards to $510 million in repairs, upgrades, and outreach to citizens.
Cryptosporidium hominis, along with Cryptosporidium parvum, is among the medically important Cryptosporidium species. It is an obligate parasite of humans that can colonize the gastrointestinal tract resulting in the gastroenteritis and diarrhea characteristic of cryptosporidiosis. Unlike C. parvum, which has a rather broad host range, C. hominis is almost exclusively a parasite of humans. As a result, C. hominis has a low zoonotic potential compared to C. parvum. It is spread through the fecal-oral route usually by drinking water contaminated with oocyst laden feces. There are many exposure risks that people can encounter in affected areas of the world. Cryptosporidium infections are large contributors of child death and illness in heavily affected areas, yet low importance has been placed on both identifying the species and finding more treatment options outside of nitazoxanide for children and AIDS patients.
Zika virus is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. It is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Its name comes from the Ziika Forest of Uganda, where the virus was first isolated in 1947. Zika virus shares a genus with the dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. Since the 1950s, it has been known to occur within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia. From 2007 to 2016, the virus spread eastward, across the Pacific Ocean to the Americas, leading to the 2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic.
Cryptosporidium fragile is a parasite which infects amphibians. The oocysts have an irregular, shape and surface. The developing parasite is found in the gastric epithelial cells.
Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 (A/H7N9) is a subtype of the influenza A virus, which causes influenza (flu), predominantly in birds. It is enzootic in many bird populations. The virus can spread rapidly through poultry flocks and among wild birds; it can also infect humans that have been exposed to infected birds.
Legionnaires' disease is a form of atypical pneumonia caused by any species of Legionella bacteria, quite often Legionella pneumophila. Signs and symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, high fever, muscle pains, and headaches. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur. This often begins 2–10 days after exposure.
The 1987 Carroll County cryptosporidiosis outbreak was a significant distribution of the Cryptosporidium protozoan in Carroll County, Georgia. Between January 12 and February 7, 1987, approximately 13,000 of the 65,000 residents of the county suffered intestinal illness caused by the Cryptosporidium parasite. Cryptosporidiosis is characterized by watery diarrhea, stomach cramps or pain, dehydration, nausea, vomiting and fever. Symptoms typically last for 1–4 weeks in immunocompetent individuals.
Una M. Ryan is a biochemist from Ireland, researching parasites and infectious agents in Australia, where she lives. She is an associate professor at the School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences of Murdoch University. In 2000, she received the Frank Fenner Prize for Life Scientist of the Year from the Prime Minister of Australia for her work in isolating a method of diagnosing parasites.
Stephen C. Redd is a U.S. physician and rear admiral with the U.S. Public Health Service and an Assistant Surgeon General. With over 30 years of public health and executive leadership experience, Redd served as the Director of the Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Previously, he was the Director of the CDC's Influenza Coordination Unit, where he served as the incident commander for the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic influenza response.
Nipah virus infection is an infection caused by the Nipah virus. Symptoms from infection vary from none to fever, cough, headache, shortness of breath, and confusion. This may worsen into a coma over a day or two, and 50% to 75% of those infected die. Complications can include inflammation of the brain and seizures following recovery.
In May 2024, an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic waterborne illness, started in Brixham in south Devon, England. The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) reported 118 cases of the illness, however residents of Brixham claimed that more than 1,000 people were left ill over the summer.
Thames Water have announced an independent inquiry into the water scare in Oxfordshire which led to thousands of households being told to boil their drinking water. The warning, which is not yet lifted, came after the diarrhoea-linked bug, Cryptosporidium, was found in filters at the giant Farmoor water works outside Oxford.
The bug, Cryptosporidium, laid low more than 500 people in January with diarrhoea and illness which can kill those with weak immune systems.
South West Water confirmed a 'boil-your-water' alert to 200,000 South Devon householders after a Cryptosporidium bug was found to be the cause of an outbreak of stomach upsets.
The number of confirmed cases of stomach upsets caused by the water bug Cryptosporidium almost doubled overnight with today's total now standing at 91.
The number of officially recorded victims of the bug topped 508 today.