List of early Hindu–Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent

The table below lists the early Hindu-Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent. ^[1]

(Color legend for victory in the conflicts)

Muslim

Hindu

Inconclusive

Year	Aggressor	Location	Commander	Result
637	Muslim	Tanah, near Mumbai	Caliph Umar	Naval raid failure [1] [2]
c. 643	Muslim	Debal	Caliph Umar	Naval raid failure [2]
c. 643	Muslim	Broach	Caliph Umar	Naval raid failure [2]
c. 650	Muslim	Sistan		The Arabs initially succeeded but ultimately lost everything after return [2]
650	Muslim	Zaranj	Caliph Uthman	City of Zabul occupied by Muslims [1]
660s	Muslim	Bust	Ibn Samarah	Bust occupied; Kabul garrisoned [1]
660s	Muslim	Kabul	Abd al-Rahman ibn Samura	Abd al-Rahman seized Kabul and triumphed in Zabulistan. [2]
670s	Hindu	Kabul	unknown	Hindus recapture Kabul [1] [2]
680	Hindu	Kabul	Ratbil, Yazid ibn Ziyad	Hindu raiding parties harass Muslims [1]
683	Hindu	Junzah		Hindus defeated the Muslims at Junzah, killing the governor and nobles. [2]
685	Hindu			The king of Zabul was killed and his army defeated in 685. His son signed a treaty [2]
692	Muslim	Bust	Abu Dulhah, Ratbil	Bust retaken by Muslim expedition [1]
694	Muslim	Kabul	Ibn Abi-Makrah, Ratbil	Major Muslim siege fails to retake Kabul [1]
695	Muslim	Kabul	Al-Hajjaj Ubaidullah	The kings of Zabul and Kabul defeated the Muslims, causing many deaths, including Ubaiduliah from grief. [2]
699	Muslim	Zabul	Al-Hajjaj Abd-ar-Rahman	Abd-ar-Rahman defeated the king of Zabul and ravaged the land. [2]
711	Muslim	Debal	Ubaidullah, Dahir of Aror (Brahmin dynasty)	Ubaidullah killed by Dahir expedition failed [1]
712	Muslim	Debal	Budail, Jaisiah (Hullishah) (Brahmin dynasty)	Budail was killed and many Arabs taken prisoners raja Dahir was the king at that time [1]
713	Muslim	Multan	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Islamic conquest of urban Sindh completed [1]
715	Hindu	Alor	Jaisiah (Hullishah) (Brahmin dynasty), al-Muhallab	Hindu army retakes major city from Muslims. [1]
715	Hindu	Mehran	Jaisiah (Hullishah) (Brahmin dynasty), al-Muhallab	Muslims stall the Hindu counter-offensive [1]
718	Hindu	Brahmanabad	Jaisiah (Hullishah) (Brahmin dynasty), al-Muhallab	Hindu attacks resume [1]
721	Muslim	Brahmanabad	al-Muhallab, Hullishah	Hullishah becomes a Muslim, likely due to military reversals. [1]
725	Muslim	Avanti	Nagabhata I (Pratihara)	Defeat of large expedition against Avanti. [1]
723-726	Muslim	Uzain, Mirmad, Dahnaj, others	Junayd of Sindh	Raiding India as part of Umayyad Hindu policy. [1]
723-726	Muslim	al-Bailaman, al-Jurz	Junayd	Annexed by Muslims. [1]
723-726	Muslim	Vallabhi	Junayd of Sindh, Nagabhata I (Pratihara)	Pratihara capital sacked in Muslim raid. [1] [3] [4]
740	Muslim	Chittor	Mauray of Chittor	Hindus repulse an Arab siege [1]
754-775	Muslim	ar-Rukhraj, Kabul, Kandahar, Kashmir	Caliph Al-Mansur	Heavy raids and sieges but few annexations by Muslims [1]
778	Muslims	Barabad	Caliph Al-Mahdi	Muslim amphibious assault annihilated. [1]
Late 770s	Muslim	Sijistan	Caliph Al-Mahdi	Raja of Sijistan made vassal of Caliphate. [1]
780-787	Muslim	Fort Tharra, Bagar, Bhaqmbur	Haji Abu Turab	Vigorous Muslim offensive captures several important Hindu outposts. [1]
786-791	Muslim	Kabul	Caliph ar-Rashid	Major Muslim siege effort fails. [1]
800-810	Hindu	Sindh border	Nagabhata II (Pratihara), Caliph Al-Amin	Several Muslim outposts fall to Pratihara incursions [1]
810-820	Muslim	Kabul	Caliph Al-Ma'mun, Nagabhata II (Pratihara)	Kabul falls to Muslims, is then retaken by Hindus. [1]
820-830	Muslim	Fort Sindan	al-Fadl ibn Mahan	Sindan captured, but Hindu riots make pacification of Sindh impossible. [1]
839	Hindu	Fort Sindan	Mihira Bhoja (Pratihara)	Hindus expel Muslim garrison. [1]
845	Hindu	Yavana	Dharmpala	Muslim principality becomes vassal of Pratiharas. [1]
845-860	Hindu	Pratihara-Sindh	Mihira Bhoja (Pratihara)	Uneasy truce between Sindh and Rajputana. [1]
860	Hindu	Rajputana-Sindh	Kokalla I (Kalachuri)	Kalachuri raids into Sindh to finance war with Pratihara kingdom [1]
867	Muslim	Herat	Yakub ibn Layth	Saffarid conquest [1]
870	Muslim	Kabul	Yakub ibn Layth, Lalliya Shahi	Saffarid conquest [1]
880-900	Muslim	Sijistan	Amr ibn Layth, Kamaluka Shahi	Frequent raids by Muslims. [1]
903-905	Hindu	Kabul region	Shahi dynasty	Disintegration of Saffarids allows major Hindu military achievements. [1]
905-915	Hindu	Multan region	Mahipala Pratihara	Series of major but unsuccessful Hindu sieges of Multan. [1]
940-950	Hindu	Multan region	Pratihara, Amir of Multan	Evidences of war and reprisals prior to the Qarmatian take-over. [1]
c. 948-963	Muslim	Alptigin	Punjab	Alptigin of Ghazni plunders Punjab several times. [5]
963	Muslim	Alptigin, Anuk Lawik	Fort Ghazni	Muslims take fort from Hindus. [1]
965-973	Muslim	Lamghan	Sabuktigin	Heavy raiding [1]
973	Hindu	Ghazna	Sabuktigin	Defeat of Hindu expedition. [1]
973-991	Muslim	Lamghan	Sabuktigin, Jayapala (Hindu Shahi)	Long series of engagements, eventual Muslim annexation of Lamghan [1]

See also

• Ghaznavid campaigns in India
• Ghurid campaigns in India
• List of wars involving the Delhi Sultanate
• List of wars involving the Mughal Empire

References

1. Richards, J.F. (1974). "The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia". Journal of South Asian Studies. 4 (1): 91–109. doi:10.1080/00856407408730690.
2. Majumdar 1962 , p. 167
3. Majumdar 1962 , p. 150
4. Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. SUNY Press. pp. 187–189. ISBN   978-0-7914-1827-7 . Retrieved 10 May 2015.
5. Majumdar. 5. p. 2

Bibliography

• Majumdar, R. C., ed. (1962) [1954]. The History and Culture of the Indian People - 3 The Classical Age (Second ed.). Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.