List of former IA-32 compatible processor manufacturers

As the 32-bit Intel architecture became the dominant computing platform during the 1980s and 1990s, multiple companies have tried to build microprocessors that are compatible with that Intel instruction set architecture. Most of these companies were not successful in the mainstream computing market. So far, only AMD has had any market presence in the computing market for more than a couple of product generations. Cyrix was successful during the 386 and 486 generations of products but did not do well after the Pentium was introduced.

List of former IA-32 compatible microprocessor vendors:

Progressed into surviving companies

• Centaur Technology – originally subsidiary of IDT, later acquired by VIA Technologies, still producing compatible low-end devices for VIA
• Cyrix – acquired by National Semiconductor, later acquired by VIA Technologies, eventually shut down
• NexGen – bought by AMD to help develop the successful K6 device
• National Semiconductor – low-end 486 (designed in-house) never widely sold; first acquirer of Cyrix, later keeping only low-end IA-32 devices targeted for consumer System-on-a-chips, finally selling them to AMD

Product discontinued/transformed

• Harris Corporation – sold radiation-hardened versions of the 8086 and 80286; product line discontinued. Produced 20 MHz and 25 MHz 80286s (some motherboards were equipped with cache memory, which was unusual for 80286 processors).
• NEC – sold processors, such as NEC V20 and NEC V30, that were compatible with early Intel 16-bit architectures; product line transitioned to NEC-designed architectures.
• Siemens – sold versions of the 8086 and 80286; product line discontinued.
• V.M. Technology – developed VM860 (8086-compatible processor), VM8600SP (80286 compatibility with proprietary 32-bit extensions), and VM386SX+ (Intel 386SX pin compatible processor) for the Japanese market. ^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]}

Left the market or closed

• Chips and Technologies – left market after failed 386 compatible chip failed to boot the Windows operating system
• IBM – Cyrix licensee and developer of Blue Lightning 486 line of processors, eventually left compatible chip market
• Rise Technology – after five years of working on the slow mP6 chip (released in 1998), the company closed a year later
• Texas Instruments and SGS-Thomson – licensees of Cyrix designs, eventually left compatible chip market
• Transmeta – transitioned to an intellectual property company in 2005
• United Microelectronics Corporation and Meridian Semiconductor – got out of market after a suit from Intel questioning the legality of copying Intel origin x86 microcode

Incomplete/unsuccessful projects

• Mostek — obtained a licence to second-source the Intel 8086, but cancelled it due to lack of support from Intel. ^{[6] [7]}
• Chromatic Research / ATI Technologies — x86/RISC dual instruction set processor codenamed "Tapestry" ^[8] never completed
• Exponential Technology — x86-compatible microprocessor never completed ^[9]
• S-MOS — 486-compatible project was canceled ^[10]
• IBM — x86/PowerPC dual instruction set processor "PowerPC 615" never entered mass production ^{[11] [12] [13]}
• IIT Corp — 486-compatible project never completed ^{[14] [15]}
• International Meta Systems — Pentium/PPro-class processors "Meta 6000", "Meta 6500", "Meta 7000/BiFrost" never completed ^[16]
• Texas Instruments — internally developed Pentium class processor was canceled in 1996 ^[17]
• MemoryLogix — multi-threaded CPU core "MLX1" and SOC for PCs never completed ^{[18] [19]}
• Metaflow Technologies — 486-class processor "CP100" never released ^{[20] [21] [22]}
• Montalvo Systems — asymmetric multiprocessor never completed ^[19]
• ULSI System Technology — company shut down after protracted legal battle with Intel over 387 floating-point co-processor patents
• VLSI Technology — developed 386SX-based "Polar" SoC in collaboration with Intel ^[23] - canceled due to low performance and lack of software support ^[24]
• KAIST — developed but did not commercialize Intel-compatible processors HK386 and K486. ^{[25] [26]}
• Henry Wong — developed a 2-way superscalar, out-of-order execution, 32-bit x86 processor soft core running at over 200 MHz on Altera Stratix IV FPGA. ^[27]
• Nvidia — Project Denver was originally intended to support the x86 instruction set, but was eventually released with support for the ARM instruction set instead. ^[28]

See also

• List of x86 manufacturers

References

1. "OASYS LX-4500" (in Japanese). Laptop using the VM867S CPU
2. Komatsu, N. "VM8600SP" (in Japanese).
3. "KAY NISHI's VM TECHNOLOGY HAS 80386-COMPATIBLE CHIP…". CBR. May 4, 1988.
4. "Proliferation of 386/486-Compatible Microprocessors to Accelerate in '92" (PDF). Microprocessor Report . January 22, 1992.
5. "Texas Instruments Extends 486 Line" (PDF). Microprocessor Report . November 15, 1993.
6. "Intel 386 Microprocessor Sole Source Decision Oral History Panel" (PDF). Computer History Museum. 14 August 2008. pp. 3–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015.
7. David L. Farquhar (30 October 2023). "Intel 8088s and non-Intel non-clones". Mostek. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023.
8. US Patent 7047394: Computer for execution of RISC and CISC instruction sets granted 16 May 2006, Google Patents
9. "EVSX Emerges from Exponential Ashes" (PDF). Microprocessor Report . December 29, 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2022.
10. "PC Market Centers On Growing 486 Family" (PDF). Microprocessor Report . Vol. 8, no. 1. January 24, 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 19, 2022. Mentions S-MOS canceling their 486 class processor project along with IIT doing the same.
11. MacWeek, vol 9 num 32, page 84, 14 Aug 1995 — mentions the PowerPC 615.
12. Halfhill, Tom R. "Alternate Views of the 615". Byte. Archived from the original on December 20, 1996.
13. "Microsoft killed the PowerPC 615". The Register. October 1, 1998.
14. "PC Market Centers On Growing 486 Family" (PDF). Microprocessor Report . Vol. 8, no. 1. January 24, 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 19, 2022. Mentions IIT as developing a 486-class CPU for release in 1994.
15. "National Pushes 486 into Embedded Market" (PDF). Microprocessor Report . Vol. 9, no. 12. September 11, 1995. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2022. Mentions NatSemi's licensing technology from IIT for its own NS486 processor.
16. "Products". International Meta Systems. Archived from the original on October 14, 1997.
17. "Intel Prepares MMX CPU Wave" (PDF). Microprocessor Report . December 30, 1996. Mentions TI's 5th generation x86 processor project being canceled.
18. Peter Song, "MLX1 - A Tiny Multithreaded 586 Core for Smart Mobile Devices" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2022.
19. "A Tale Of Two Companies". Linley Newsletter. The Linley Group. May 27, 2008. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023.
20. "CP100 High Performance 32-bit x86 Core". Metaflow. Archived from the original on February 21, 2001.
21. "New processor drives STM buyout of Metaflow". EE Times . 1997. Archived from the original on February 25, 2001.
22. Smotherman, Mark (February 2011). "Metaflow - Lightning/Thunder SPARC designs, x86 designs". Archived from the original on October 4, 2022.
23. Paul State (January 1994). "Intel/VLSI Join the PDA Fray". BYTE . pp. 101–104.
24. "What's Happened to the PDA Market?" (PDF). Microprocessor Report . Vol. 8, no. 12. September 12, 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 19, 2022.
25. Kyung CM, et al. (January 1997). HK386: an x86-compatible 32-bit CISC microprocessor (PDF). ASP-DAC 97. doi:10.1109/ASPDAC.1997.600351.
26. Joon-seo Yim; et al. (February 1997). "Verification Methodology of Compatible Microprocessors" (PDF). Proceedings of ASP-DAC '97: Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference. doi:10.1109/ASPDAC.1997.600108. ISBN   0-89791-851-7.
27. Henry Ting-Hei Wong (2017). "A Superscalar Out-of-Order x86 Soft Processor for FPGA" (PDF). University of Toronto.
28. Agam Shah (21 November 2024). "SC24 Reveal: Nvidia's PC/Server ARM CPU Program Started on x86". HPC Wire. Archived from the original on 3 August 2025.