List of presidents of the American Psychiatric Association

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Presidents of the American Psychiatric Association

NameYearNotes
Petros Levounis2023–2024Current President. Serves as professor and chair of the Department of Psychiatry and associate dean for professional development at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. He is also the chief of service at University Hospital in Newark, New Jersey. Dr. Levounis came to Rutgers from Columbia University where he served as director of the Addiction Institute of New York from 2002 to 2013.
Rebecca W. Brendel2022–2023Director of the Master of Bioethics Program, Associate Director of the Center for Bioethics, and an Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. She is also a Director of Law and Ethics at the Center for Law, Brain, and Behavior at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Vivian Pender 2021–2022Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College. Training psychoanalyst, Columbia University. Founder of Healthcare Against Trafficking, Inc. Consultant psychiatrist and psychoanalyst to the United Nations.
Jeffery Geller 2020–2021Prior Director of Public Sector Psychiatry and current Professor of Psychiatry at University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS). Previous medical director (served 7 years) and current staff psychiatrist, Worcester Recovery Center and Hospital.
Bruce J. Schwartz 2019–2020Deputy Chair and Clinical Director of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. President of the Montefiore Behavioral Care IPA. Medical Director and founding member of University Behavioral Associates.
Altha Stewart 2018–2019First African-American elected to lead the APA. Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Director, Center for Health in Justice Involved Youth, University of Tennessee Health Science Center. [1]
Anita Everett 2017–2018Chief Medical Officer, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and Director of the Office of Chief Medical Officers (OCMO). [2]
Maria A. Oquendo 2016–2017She was the first Latina president of the APA. Professor and Chairman of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine. [3]
Renée Binder 2015–2016Associate Dean of Academic Affairs, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and Forensic Psychiatry Fellowship Director, UCSF Department of Psychiatry. [4] [5]
Paul Summergrad 2014–2015Dr. Frances S. Arkin Professor and Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the Tufts University School of Medicine, Psychiatrist-in-Chief of the Tufts Medical Center. [6] [7]
Jeffrey Lieberman 2013–2014Chair of Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, principal investigator for the NIMH CATIE study. [8] [9]
Dilip V. Jeste 2012-2013First Asian-American President of the APA. [10]
John M. Oldham 2011–2012 [11]
Carol A. Bernstein 2010–2011 [12]
Alan F. Schatzberg 2009-2010 [13]
Nada Logan Stotland 2008-2009 [14]
Carolyn Robinowitz 2007–2008 [15]
Pedro Ruiz 2006-2007 [16]
Steven Sharfstein 2005–2006 [17]
Michelle Riba 2004–2005 [18]
Marcia Kraft Goin 2003-2004 [19]
Paul S. Appelbaum 2002-2003 [20]
Richard K. Harding 2001–2002 [21]
Daniel B. Borenstein 2000–2001 [22]
Allan Tasman 1999-2000 [23]
Rodrigo A. Muñoz 1998-1999 [24]
Herbert S. Sacks 1997–1998 [25]
Harold Eist 1996–1997
Mary Jane England 1995-1996 [26]
Jerry M. Wiener 1994-1995 [27]
John McIntyre1993–1994 [28]
Joseph T. English 1992-1993 [29]
Lawrence Hartmann 1991-1992 [30]
Elissa P. Benedek 1990-1991 [31]
Herbert Pardes 1989-1990 [32]
Paul Fink 1988-1989 [33]
George H. Pollock 1987-1988 [34]
Robert O. Pasnau 1986–1987 [35]
Carol Nadelson 1985-1986First female president of the American Psychiatric Association. [36]
First female editor-in-chief of the American Psychiatric Association Press (1986). [37]

First director of Partners Office for Women's Careers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (1998). [37]

John A. Talbott 1984-1985113th president [38]
George Tarjan 1983-1984 [39]
H. Keith H. Brodie 1982-1983
Daniel X. Freedman 1981-1982 [40]
Donald G. Langsley 1980-1981 [41]
Alan A. Stone 1979-1980 [42]
Jules H. Masserman 1978-1979 [43]
Jack Weinberg 1977-1978 [44]
Robert W. Gibson 1976-1977 [45]
Judd Marmor 1975-1976 [46]
John Patrick Spiegel 1974-1975103rd president [47]
Alfred M. Freedman 1973-1974Led the effort to de-classify homosexuality as a mental illness. [48] [49]
Perry Clement Talkingten 1972–1973 [50]
Ewald W. Busse 1971–1972 [51]
Robert S. Garber 1970–1971 [52] [53]
Raymond W. Waggoner 1969–1970 [54]
Lawrence C. Kolb 1968-1969 [55]
Henry W. Brosin 1967–1968
Harvey J. Tompkins 1966–1967 [56]
Howard P. Rome 1965–1966 [57]
Daniel Blain 1964–1965First medical director of the American Psychiatric Association and founder of the newsletter that became the journal Mental Hospitals (1951–1965), later Hospital & Community Psychiatry (1966–1994) and Psychiatric Services (1995–present). [58] [59]
Jack R. Ewalt 1963–1964 [60]
C. H. Hardin Branch 1962–1963 [61]
Walter E. Barton 1961–1962 [62]
Robert H. Felix 1960-1961 [63]
William Malamud 1959–1960 [64]
Francis J. Gerty 1958–1959 [65]
Harry C. Solomon 1957–1958 [66]
Francis J. Braceland 1956–1957 [67] [53]
R. Finley Gayle Jr. 1955–1956 [68]
Arthur Percy Noyes 1954–1955 [69]
Kenneth E. Appel 1953–1954
Donald Ewen Cameron 1952–1953 [70]
Leo H. Bartemeier 1951–1952 [71]
John C. Whitehorn 1950–1951Psychiatrist in Chief from 1941-1960 at Johns Hopkins University and the Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry. [72]
George S. Stevenson 1949-1950 [73]
William Claire Menninger 1948-1949 [74] [75]
Winfred Overholser Sr. 1947-1948 [76]
Samuel W. Hamilton 1946–1947 [77]
Karl M. Bowman 1944–1946 [78]
Edward Strecker 1943–1944Graduated from Jefferson University in 1911. Professor of Mental and Nervous Diseases (1925-1931). [79] [53]
Arthur H. Ruggles 1942-1943 [80]
James King Hall 1941-1942 [81]
H. Douglas Singer 1941-1942Died before taking office.
George H. Stevenson 1940-1941 [82]
William C. Sandy 1939-1940 [83]
Richard H. Hutchings 1938-1939 [84]
Ross McClure Chapman 1937-1938 [85]
C. Macfie Campbell 1936-1937 [86]
Clarence O. Cheney 1935-1936 [87]
C. Fred Williams 1934-1935 [88]
George H. Kirby 1933-1934 [89]
James Vance May 1932-1933 [90]
William L. Russell 1931-1932
Walter M English 1930-1931
Earl D. Bond 1929-1930
Samuel T. Orton 1928-1929
Adolf Meyer 1927-1928
George M. Kline 1926-1927
C. Floyd Haviland 1925-1926
William Alanson White 1924-1925
Thomas W. Salmon 1923-1924Mental hygiene advocate and chief consultant psychiatrist to the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I. [91]
Henry W. Mitchell 1922-1923
Albert Moore Barrett 1921-1922
Owen Copp 1920-1921 [92]
Henry C. Eyman 1919-1920 [92]
Elmer E. Southard 1918-1919 [93]
James V. Anglin 1917-1918 [94]
Charles G. Wagner 1916-1917 [94]
Edward N. Brush 1915-1916 [95]
Samuel E. Smith 1914-1915 [95]
Carlos Frederick MacDonald 1913–1914 [96] [97]
James T. Searcy 1912-1913 [96]
Hubert Work 1911-1912 [98]
Charles W. Pilgrim 1910-1911 [98]
William F. Drewry 1909-1910 [99]
Arthur F. Kilbourne 1908-1909 [99]
Charles P. Bancroft 1907-1908 [100]
Charles G. Hill 1906-1907 [100]
C. B. Burr 1905-1906
T.J. W. Burgess 1904-1905
A. E. Macdonald 1903-1904
G. Adler Bloomer 1902-1903
A. B. Richardson 1902-1903Died before taking office.
Robert J. Preston 1901-1902
Peter M. Wise 1900-1901
Joseph G. Rogers 1899-1900
Henry M. Hurd 1898-1899
Richard M. Bucke 1897-1898
Theophilus O. Powell 1896-1997
Richard Dewey 1895-1896
Edward Cowles 1894-1895
John Curwen 1893-1894
J.B. Andrews 1892-1893
Daniel Clark 1891-1892
H.P. Stearns 1890-1891Organization name changed to American Medico-Psychological Association
W.W. Godding 1889-1890
John B. Chapin 1888-1889
Eugene Grissom 1887-1888
H.A. Buttolph 1886-1887
Orpheus Everts 1885-1886
Pliny Earle 1884-1885
John P. Gray 1883-1884
J.H. Callender 1882-1883
Clement Walker 1879-1882
Charles Nichols 1873-1879
John S. Butler 1870-1873
Thomas Story Kirkbride 1862-1870
Andrew McFarland 1859-1862
Isaac Ray 1855-1859
Luther Bell 1851-1855
William Awl 1848-1851
Samuel B. Woodward 1844-1848First president, founded as the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane.

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References

  1. ↑ "APA Elects Dr. Altha Stewart as President-Elect, the First African-American to Lead Organization" (Press release). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  2. ↑ "Anita Everett Takes Office as APA President" (Press release). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  3. ↑ "Maria Oquendo Takes Office as APA President" (Press release). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  4. ↑ Summergrad, Paul (July 2016). "Renee Binder, M.D., 142nd President, 2015-2016". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 173 (7): 671. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.173703. PMID   27363552.
  5. ↑ "Renée Binder, M.D., Takes Office as APA President" (Press release). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  6. ↑ Glassman, Randy S. (August 2015). "Paul Summergrad, M.D., 141st President, 2014-2015". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 172 (8): 719–20. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.1720703. PMID   26234598.
  7. ↑ "Faculty Bio — Paul Summergrad, MD". Neuroscience CME. CME Outfitters, LLC. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  8. ↑ Solomon, Andrew (July 2014). "Jeffrey A. Lieberman, M.D., 140th President, 2013-2014". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 171 (7): 740. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.171071. PMID   24980173.
  9. ↑ "Jeffrey Lieberman, M.D". Columbia Psychiatry. Columbia University Department of Psychiatry. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  10. ↑ Robinowitz, Carolyn B. (October 2013). "Dilip V. Jeste, M.D., 139th President, 2012-2013". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (10): 1108–9. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.1701003 . PMID   24084817.
  11. ↑ Michels, Robert (October 2012). "John M. Oldham, M.D., M.S., 138th President, 2011–2012". American Journal of Psychiatry. 169 (10): 1030. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.1691003.
  12. ↑ Robinowitz, Carolyn B. (October 2011). "Carol A. Bernstein, 137th President, 2010–2011". American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (10): 1029–1030. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.168.10.1029.
  13. ↑ Kupfer, David J. (October 2010). "Alan F. Schatzberg, M.D., 136th President, 2009-2010". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 167 (10): 1170–1171. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.167.10.1170. PMID   26649786.
  14. ↑ Yudofsky, Stuart C. (October 2009). "Nada Logan Stotland, M.D., 135th President, 2008-2009". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 166 (10): 1108–9. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.166.10.1108. PMID   19797443.
  15. ↑ Fink, Paul Jay (October 2008). "Carolyn Robinowitz, M.D., 134th President, 2007–2008". American Journal of Psychiatry. 165 (10): 1271. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.165.10.1271. PMID   22706430.
  16. ↑ McIntyre, John S. (October 2007). "Pedro Ruiz, M.D., 133rd President, 2006-2007". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 164 (10): 1513–4. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.164.10.1513. PMID   17898341.
  17. ↑ Roth, Sheldon (October 2006). "Steven S. Sharfstein, M.D., M.P.A., 132nd President, 2005–2006". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (10): 1719. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.10.1719.
  18. ↑ Greden, John F. (November 2005). "Michelle Riba, M.D., M.S., 131st President, 2004–2005". American Journal of Psychiatry. 162 (11): 2048. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2048.
  19. ↑ Simpson, George M. (October 2004). "Marcia Kraft Goin, M.D., 130th President, 2003–2004". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (10): 1775. doi:10.1176/ajp.161.10.1775.
  20. ↑ Roth, Loren H. (October 2003). "Paul S. Appelbaum, M.D., 129th President, 2002-2003". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (10): 1766–7. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1766. PMID   14514488.
  21. ↑ Walker, R. Dale (October 2002). "Richard K. Harding, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Eighth President, 2001–2002". American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (10): 1641. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1641.
  22. ↑ Sacks, Herbert S. (October 2001). "Daniel B. Borenstein, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Ninth President, 2000–2001". American Journal of Psychiatry. 158 (10): 1603–1604. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1603.
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  26. ↑ Dickstein, Leah J. (September 1996). "Mary Jane England, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Fourth President, 1995-1996". American Journal of Psychiatry. 153 (9): 1126–1127. doi:10.1176/ajp.153.9.1126.
  27. ↑ Sabshin, M. (September 1995). "Jerry M. Wiener, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-third President, 1994-1995". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 152 (9): 1254–5. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.9.1254. PMID   7653676.
  28. ↑ Sabshin, Melvin (September 1994). "John S. McIntyre, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Second President, 1993-1994". American Journal of Psychiatry. 151 (9): 1265–1266. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.9.1265.
  29. ↑ Sabshin, M. (September 1993). "Joseph T. English, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-first President, 1992-1993". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 150 (9): 1302–4. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.9.1302. PMID   8352339.
  30. ↑ Sabshin, M. (September 1992). "Lawrence Hartmann, M.D., One Hundred Twentieth President, 1991-1992". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 149 (9): 1145–7. doi:10.1176/ajp.149.9.1145. PMID   1503126.
  31. ↑ Robinowitz, C.B. (September 1991). "Elissa P. Benedek, M.D., One Hundred Nineteenth President, 1990-1991". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 148 (9): 1135–7. doi:10.1176/ajp.148.9.1135. PMID   1882989.
  32. ↑ Brodie, H. Keith H. (September 1990). "Herbert Pardes, M.D., One Hundred Eighteenth President, 1989-4990". American Journal of Psychiatry. 147 (9): 1126–1127. doi:10.1176/ajp.147.9.1126.
  33. ↑ Robinowitz, C.B. (September 1989). "Paul J. Fink, M.D., One Hundred Seventeenth President, 1988-1989". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 146 (9): 1112–4. doi:10.1176/ajp.146.9.1112. PMID   2669533.
  34. ↑ Sabshin, M (September 1988). "George H. Pollock, M.D., Ph.D., One Hundred Sixteenth President, 1987-1988: American Psychiatric Association". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 145 (9): 1068–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.145.9.1068. PMID   3046379.
  35. ↑ Brill, N.Q. (August 1987). "Robert O. Pasnau, M.D., One Hundred Fifteenth President, 1986-1987: American Psychiatric Association". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 144 (8): 986–8. doi:10.1176/ajp.144.8.986. PMID   3300379.
  36. ↑ Nadelson, T (August 1986). "Carol C. Nadelson, M.D., one hundred fourteenth president, 1985–1986, American Psychiatric Association". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 143 (8): 959–61. doi:10.1176/ajp.143.8.959. PMID   3524277.
  37. 1 2 "Carol Cooperman Nadelson". Changing the Face of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 3 June 2015.
  38. ↑ Sabshin, Melvin (September 1985). "John A. Talbott, M.D. One hundred thirteenth President, 1984-1985". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 142 (9): 1014–6. doi:10.1176/ajp.142.9.1014. PMID   3895986.
  39. ↑ Sabshin, M (August 1984). "George Tarjan, M.D., One Hundred Twelfth President, 1983-1984". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 141 (8): 931–4. doi:10.1176/ajp.141.8.931. PMID   6380318.
  40. ↑ Astrachan, B.M. (September 1982). "Daniel X. Freedman, M.D., One Hundred and Tenth President, 1981-1982". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 139 (9): 1096–1101. doi:10.1176/ajp.139.9.1096. PMID   7051867.
  41. ↑ Barter, J.T. (August 1981). "Donald G. Langsley, M.D., One Hundred and Ninth President, 1980-1981". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 138 (8): 1021–6. doi:10.1176/ajp.138.8.1021. PMID   7020436.
  42. ↑ Onesti, S.J. (August 1980). "Alan A. Stone, M.D., One Hundred and Eighth President, 1979-1980". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 137 (8): 895–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.137.8.895. PMID   6998305.
  43. ↑ Visotsky, H.M. (August 1979). "Jules H. Masserman, M.D., One Hundred and Seventh President, 1978-1979". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 136 (8): 1023–5. doi:10.1176/ajp.136.8.1023. PMID   380366.
  44. ↑ Stone, A.A. (August 1978). "Jack Weinberg, M.D., One Hundred and Sixth President, 1977-1978". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 135 (8): 904–6. doi:10.1176/ajp.135.8.904. PMID   352162.
  45. ↑ Garber, R.S. (July 1977). "Robert W. Gibson, M.D., One Hundred and Fifth President, 1976-1977". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 134 (7): 731–5. doi:10.1176/ajp.134.7.731. PMID   326062.
  46. ↑ Sabshin, M (July 1976). "Judd Marmor, M.D., One Hundred and Fourth President, 1975-1976". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 133 (7): 748–51. doi:10.1176/ajp.133.7.748. PMID   779496.
  47. ↑ Weinberg, Jack (July 1975). "John P. Spiegel, M.D., One hundred and third president, 1974-1975". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 132 (7): 700–2. doi:10.1176/ajp.132.7.700. PMID   1094840.
  48. ↑ Eisenberg, Leon (July 1974). "Alfred M. Freedman, M.D., One Hundred and Second President, 1973-1974". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 131 (7): 757–60. doi:10.1176/ajp.131.7.757. PMID   4600628.
  49. ↑ Grims, William (21 April 2011). "Alfred Freedman, a Leader in Psychiatry, Dies at 94". The New York Times (New York ed.). p. A25.
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  56. ↑ Gerty, Francis J. (July 1967). "Harvey John Tompkins, M.D., Ninety-fifth President, 1966-1967". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 124 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1176/ajp.124.1.9. PMID   5338022.
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  66. ↑ Sleeper, Francis H. (July 1958). "Harry Caesar Solomon, M.D., President, American Psychiatric Association, 1957-58: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 115 (1): 10–3. doi:10.1176/ajp.115.1.10. PMID   13545387.
  67. ↑ Rome, Howard P. (July 1957). "Francis J. Braceland, M.D., Eighty-Third President, 1956-1957: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 114 (1): 10–3. doi:10.1176/ajp.114.1.10. PMID   13424745.
  68. ↑ Barrett, Joseph E. (July 1956). "R. Finley Gayle, Jr., M.D., President, 1955-56: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 113 (1): 8–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.113.1.8. PMID   13327063.
  69. ↑ Bookhammer, Robert S. (July 1955). "Arthur Percy Noyes, M.D., President 1954-1955: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 112 (1): 8–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.112.1.8. PMID   14376666.
  70. ↑ Zilboorg, Gregory (July 1953). "D. Ewen Cameron M.D., President, 1952-1953: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 110 (1): 10–12. doi:10.1176/ajp.110.1.10.
  71. ↑ Brosin, Henry W. (July 1952). "Leo H. Bartemeier, M.D., President, 1951-1952: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 109 (1): 8–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.109.1.8. PMID   14923916.
  72. ↑ Brosin, Henry W. (July 1951). "John C. Whitehorn, M.D. President, 1950-1951: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 108 (1): 7–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.108.1.7. PMID   14838157.
  73. ↑ Preston, George H. (July 1950). "George S. Stevenson, M.D: President 1949-1950: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 107 (1): 6–7. doi:10.1176/ajp.107.1.6. PMID   15419327.
  74. ↑ Brosin, Henry W. (July 1949). "William C. Menninger, M.D., President 1948-1949: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 106 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1176/ajp.106.1.13.
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  77. ↑ Brill, A.A. (July 1947). "Samuel W. Hamilton: President 1946-1947: A Psychiatric Profile". American Journal of Psychiatry. 104 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1176/ajp.104.1.13.
  78. ↑ Solomon, Harry C. (July 1946). "Karl Murdock Bowman, M.D., President 1944-1946 A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 103 (1): 18–20. doi:10.1176/ajp.103.1.18.
  79. ↑ Smith, Lauren H. (July 1944). "Edward A. Strecker, M.D: President 1943-1944 A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 101 (1): 9–11. doi:10.1176/ajp.101.1.9.
  80. ↑ Chapman, Ross McC. (July 1943). "Arthur Hiler Ruggles, M.D: President 1942-1943 A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 100 (1): 9–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.100.1.9.
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  85. ↑ Tiffany, William J. (July 1938). "Ross McClure Chapman, M.D. President, 1937-38: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 95 (1): 15–17. doi:10.1176/ajp.95.1.15.
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  87. ↑ Hinsie, Leland E. (July 1936). "Clarence O. Cheney, M.D. President, 1935-36: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 93 (1): 17–20. doi:10.1176/ajp.93.1.17.
  88. ↑ Horger, E.L. (July 1935). "Charles Frederick Williams, M.D., President, 1934-1935: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 92 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1176/ajp.92.1.13.
  89. ↑ Raynor, Mortimer W. (July 1934). "George H. Kirby, M.D., President 1933-1934: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 91 (1): 19–20. doi:10.1176/ajp.91.1.19.
  90. ↑ Campbell, C. MacFie (July 1933). "James Vance May, M.D., President, 1932-1933, Boston, Mass.: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 90 (1): 16–19. doi:10.1176/ajp.90.1.16.
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