This is a list of artificial objects reentering Earth's atmosphere by mass (see space debris). Such objects are often completely destroyed by reentry heating, but large enough objects or components can survive. Most of the objects which reenter are relatively small; larger objects have survived but usually break up into smaller pieces during reentry. [1] [2] [3]
The list includes group entries for the 134 Space Shuttle external tanks used between 1981 and 2011. During Space Shuttle launches, the tanks reached space without reaching orbit and re-entered the atmosphere, breaking apart before impacting the ocean. The mass of those tanks varied throughout the years, as improvements made them lighter - successive modifications reduced their empty weight from approximately 77,000 pounds (35,000 kg) to approximately 58,500 lb (26,500 kg) for the Super Lightweight Tank used after 1998. [4] The tanks were also not necessarily completely empty when discarded. [5]
Many other launch systems have discarded spent stages into space, but not all stages go into orbit or even reach space (by passing the Kármán line). For example, the Space Shuttle side boosters did not reach space, as the highest altitude reached during their flight was only about 220,000 feet (67 km).
Object | Owner | Mass | Reentry Date | Age [6] | Reentry type | Launch Date [6] [7] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mir | Russia | 120,000 kg (260,000 lb) | 23 March 2001 | 15 years | Controlled | 20 February 1986 |
Starship S28 | USA | 100,000 kg (220,000 lb) | 14 March 2024 | Partially Controlled | 14 March 2024 | |
Skylab [3] | USA | 69,000 kg (152,000 lb) | 11 July 1979 | 6 years | Partially Controlled | 14 May 1973 |
Salyut 7/Cosmos 1686 | USSR | 40,000 kg (88,000 lb) | 7 February 1991 | 8 years | Uncontrolled | 13 May 1982 |
S-II Stage / Skylab | USA | 36,200 kg (79,700 lb) | 11 January 1975 | 18 Months | Uncontrolled | 14 May 1973 |
STS external tank (Standard Tank) | USA | 35,000 kg (77,000 lb) and remaining propellants | 1981 (1981–83) | Partially Controlled | ||
Salyut 6/Cosmos 1267 | USSR | 35,000 kg (77,000 lb) | 29 July 1982 | 4 years | Controlled | 29 September 1977 |
STS external tank (Lightweight Tank) | USA | 30,000 kg (66,000 lb) and remaining propellants | 1983 (1983–2003) | Partially Controlled | 1981-2011 | |
STS external tank (Super Lightweight Tank) | USA | 26,500 kg (58,400 lb) and remaining propellants | 1998 (1998–2011) | Partially Controlled | 1981-2011 | |
Long March 5B core (5B-Y1 flight) | China | 21,600 kg (47,600 lb) | 11 May 2020 | 6 days | Uncontrolled | 5 May 2020 |
Long March 5B core (5B-Y2 flight) | China | 21,600 kg (47,600 lb) | 9 May 2021 [8] | 9 days | Uncontrolled | 29 April 2021 |
Long March 5B core (5B-Y3 flight) | China | 21,600 kg (47,600 lb) | 30 July 2022 [9] | 6 days | Uncontrolled | 24 July 2022 |
Long March 5B core (5B-Y4 flight) | China | 21,600 kg (47,600 lb) | 4 November 2022 [10] | 4 days | Uncontrolled | 31 October 2022 |
Cosmos 557 | USSR | 19,400 kg (42,800 lb) | 22 May 1973 | 11 days | Uncontrolled | 11 May 1973 |
Salyut 5 | USSR | 19,000 kg (42,000 lb) | 8 August 1977 | 1 year 2 months | Controlled | 2 June 1976 |
Salyut 1 | USSR | 18,900 kg (41,700 lb) | 11 October 1971 | 5 months 22 days | Controlled | 19 April 1971 |
Salyut 3 | USSR | 18,900 kg (41,700 lb) | 24 January 1975 | 6 months 30 days | Controlled | 25 June 1974 |
Salyut 4 | USSR | 18,900 kg (41,700 lb) | 2 February 1977 | 2 years 1 month | Controlled | 26 December 1974 |
Apollo SA-5 Nose Cone | USA | 17,100 kg (37,700 lb) | 30 April 1966 | 2 years 3 months | Uncontrolled | 29 January 1964 |
Apollo SA-6 CSM BP-13 | USA | 16,900 kg (37,300 lb) | 1 June 1964 | 4 days | Uncontrolled | 28 May 1964 |
Apollo SA-7 CSM BP-15 | USA | 16,650 kg (36,710 lb) | 22 September 1964 | 4 days | Uncontrolled | 18 September 1964 |
Cosmos 929 | USSR | 15,000 kg (33,000 lb) | 2 February 1978 | 6 months 16 days | Controlled | 17 July 1977 |
Cosmos 1443 | USSR | 15,000 kg (33,000 lb) | 19 September 1983 | 6 months 17 days | Controlled | 2 March 1983 |
CGRO [3] | USA | 14,910 kg (32,870 lb) | 4 June 2000 | 9 years | Controlled | 5 April 1991 |
Phobos-Grunt [11] | Russia | 13,500 kg (29,800 lb) | 15 January 2012 | 2 months 6 days | Uncontrolled | 9 November 2011 |
Pegasus 1 | USA | 10,297 kg (22,701 lb) [12] | 17 September 1978 [13] | 13 years | Uncontrolled | 16 February 1965 |
Pegasus 2 | USA | 9,058 kg (19,969 lb) [12] | 3 November 1979 [13] | 14 years | Uncontrolled | 25 May 1965 |
Tiangong-1 | China | 8,506 kg (18,753 lb) | 2 April 2018 [14] | 6 years | Uncontrolled | 29 Sep 2011 |
UARS [15] | NASA | 5,900 kg (13,000 lb) | 24 September 2011 | 20 years | Uncontrolled | 12 September 1991 |
ROSAT [16] | DLR | 2,400 kg (5,300 lb) | 23 October 2011 | 21 years | Uncontrolled | 1 June 1990 |
The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft where it was the only item funded for development.
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Atmospheric entry is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. There are two main types of atmospheric entry: uncontrolled entry, such as the entry of astronomical objects, space debris, or bolides; and controlled entry of a spacecraft capable of being navigated or following a predetermined course. Technologies and procedures allowing the controlled atmospheric entry, descent, and landing of spacecraft are collectively termed as EDL.
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Kosmos 1402 was a Soviet spy satellite that malfunctioned, resulting in the uncontrolled re-entry of its nuclear reactor and its radioactive uranium fuel. Kosmos 1402 was launched on August 30, 1982, and re-entered the atmosphere on 23 January 1983. The fission reactor entered a few days later; on 7 February 1983.
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Telkom-3 is an Indonesian communications satellite which failed to reach its target orbit due to a launch failure on 6 August 2012. It was built by ISS Reshetnev for Indonesian telecommunications provider PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia. It was based on the Ekspress-1000H bus and had 32 C band transponders and 16 Ku-band transponders. It was due to be located in geosynchronous orbit at 118° East above the equator. The satellite reentered the atmosphere and was destroyed on 5 February 2021.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)UPDATE: #JFSCC confirmed #Tiangong1 reentered the atmosphere over the southern Pacific Ocean at ~5:16 p.m. (PST) April 1. For details see www.space-track.org @US_Stratcom @usairforce @AFSpaceCC @30thSpaceWing @PeteAFB @SpaceTrackOrg
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)"This is the largest NASA satellite to come back uncontrolled for quite a while," says Nick Johnson, chief scientist for NASA's Orbital Debris Program Office at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.