List of rulers of Maluku

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This is a list of rulers of Maluku from proto-historical times until the present. The four sultanates of Ternate, Tidore, Jailolo and Bacan were considered descendants of a legendary figure called Jafar Sadik and formed a ritual quadripartition. Drawing wealth from the spice production and trade with other parts of Asia, Ternate and Tidore lorded over extensive realms which stretched from Sulawesi to Papua, while Jailolo and Bacan merely had local significance. They fell under Portuguese or Spanish influence in the sixteenth century, superseded by Dutch impact in the seventeenth century. The sultanates were subordinated to the Dutch colonial state until 1942 when the Japanese occupied Indonesia. After the outbreak of the Indonesian revolution they belonged to the Dutch-approved quasi-state East Indonesia from 1946 to 1950 when they were incorporated in the unitary Indonesian state.

Contents

Sultans of Bacan

Sultans of Jailolo

Legendary list

Historically documented list

Rulers of Ternate

Pre-Sultanate rulers

Sultan

Sultan of Ternate
Imperial
Drake and Babullah 1589.jpg
Sultan Baabullah during Francis Drake's visit in 1579, Illustration by Theodor de Bry.
Details
StyleHis Highness [4]
First monarch Zainal Abidin
Last monarch Muhammad Usman Syah (Last Sultan to rule Ternate)
Muhammad Jabir Syah (Honorary Sultan)
Formationc. 1486;537 years ago (1486)
Abolition
  • Last Sultan dethroned
    September 23, 1915;108 years ago (1915-09-23)
  • Honorary Sultan
    1975;48 years ago (1975)
ResidenceKnown residences:
Appointer
Pretender(s) Sjarifuddin Sjah (titular Sultan of Ternate 2016-2019) [5]

The first known Kolano (ruler) of Ternate to convert to Islam was Marhum. According to François Valentijn's account, Marhum was the son and successor of the seventeenth King Gapi Baguna II (r. 1432-1465), a pre-Islamic ruler of Ternate. His island kingdom was one of the four realms that traditionally existed in North Maluku, the others being Tidore, Bacan, and Jailolo. Reports were told by Javanese traders who came to the island, that native Ternateans were able to read out words from the letters of the Qur'an, it proves that the first tenets of Islam had entered North Molluccan society. [6]

The first ruler of Ternate to adopt the title of Sultan was Zainal Abidin of Ternate, His life is only described in sources dating from the 16th century or later. [7] According to the versions of François Valentijn's account, Zainal Abidin was the son of Marhum, meanwhile according to Malay Annals like the Hikayat Tanah Hitu by Rijali (written before 1657 and later adjusted in c. 1700) described that Zainal Abidin was the first Ternate ruler to convert to Islam. [8] Many Muslim Javanese traders frequented Ternate at the time and incited the king to learn more about the new creed, to establish an Islamic governance for his kingdom. In c. 1495, he traveled with his companion Hussein to study Islam in Giri (Gresik) on Java's north coast, where Sunan Giri kept a well-known madrasa. [9] While there, he won renown as Sultan Bualawa, or Sultan of Cloves. [10] According to the Hikayat Tanah Hitu, Zainal Abidin stopped in Bima in Sumbawa on his way back to Maluku. He and his crew got into trouble with the local king and a fight took place where a Bimanese wounded Zainal Abidin with his spear. The bodyguards of the ruler brought him back to the ship, though he died on board. The account of François Valentijn, on the contrary, insists that he survived the battle and made it back to Ternate. [11] On his return, he replaced the royal title Kolano with Sultan, and it may have been now that he adopted the Islamic name Zainal Abidin. [12] He brought back a mubaligh from Java named Tuhubahahul to propagate the Islamic faith and created a Bobato (headman) to assist in all matters relating to the rule of Islamic law across the Sultanate. [13]

The second ruler of ternate to claim the title of Sultan was Bayan Sirrullah, he ruled somewhere around 1500 to 1521 and saw the arrival of Portuguese to the Island of Maluku. Bayan Sirrullah also known as Abu Lais (in Portuguese sources, Boleife), was the eldest son of the first sultan of Ternate, Zainal Abidin. [14] Islam had been accepted by the local elites of North Maluku in the second half of the 15th century, as a consequence of the importance of Muslim traders in the archipelago. [15]

Under the reign of Baabullah of Ternate, Ternate saw its golden age after Baabullah's victory in defeating the Portuguese. He was commonly known as the Ruler of 72 (Inhabited) Islands in eastern Indonesia, including most of the Maluku Islands, Sangihe and parts of Sulawesi, with influences as far as Solor, East Sumbawa, Mindanao, and the Papuan Islands. [16] His reign inaugurated a period of free trade in the spices and forest products that gave Maluku a significant role in Asian commerce. [17]

Genealogy of the rulers of Ternate Ternate pedigree.jpg
Genealogy of the rulers of Ternate

The last Sultan of Ternate was Muhammad Usman Syah. Muhammad Usman succeeded to the throne in February 1902 after the death of his father in 1900, and his brother's short period reign. He was arrested and dethroned by the Dutch colonial authorities on 23 September 1915 [18] [19] [20] because of his opposition to the increasing colonial interference in his kingdom and the subsequent minor uprising in Jailolo in September 1914, whereby the controleur G.K.B. Agerbeek and Lieutenant C.F. Ouwerling were murdered. The Dutch colonial government later enthroned an honorary sultan of Ternate, Muhammad Jabir in 1929, [21] [22] the sultanate was de facto abolished under the government of Indonesia around 1949 to 1950. [23]

List of Sultans: [24]

Kings and Sultans of Tidore

Sultan of Tidore
Provincial
Saifuddin of Tidore.JPG
Portrait of Sultan Saifuddin of Tidore (r. 1657-1689). c. 17th century
Details
First monarch Jamaluddin (first ruler to claim the title of Sultan)
Last monarch Zainal Abidin Syah
(last sultan to have executive power until 1949)
Formation15th century
Abolition
ResidenceKnown residence:
Appointer
Pretender(s) Husain Syah (titular sultan 2014-) [descendant of Ahmad Saifuddin Alting]

The title of Sultan was first claimed by the former Kolano (King) of Tidore, Ciri Leliatu known later as Sultan Jamaluddin. According to the Malay chronicle of Hikayat Ternate, Ciri Leliatu was the son of Matagena, a Malay lord who expelled his predecessor Kolano Sele and acquired kingship over the island. [26] According to even later sources, he was descended from a line of Muslim qadis and thus started a new royal lineage, and eventually died in Gotowasi village in Halmahera. [27] He is nevertheless counted among the pre-Islamic rulers. Matagena's son was Ciri Leliatu, also called Ciriliyati, who succeeded to the Kolano-ship in the late 15th century. An Arab called Syekh Mansur came to Tidore and converted him to Islam, whereby he received the Islamic name Sultan Jamaluddin. The eldest son of the king was named after the preacher, and later succeeded his father as Sultan al-Mansur. [28] Al-Mansur was, according to later historical tradition, the son of the first Muslim ruler of Tidore, Ciri Leliatu. He was named after Syekh Mansur, an Arab who persuaded his father to convert to Islam. [29] As he later told Spanish visitors, his father had been killed during a journey to Buru Island, which was normally a dependency of the rivalling Sultanate of Ternate. [30] According to European sources, Islam was accepted by the North Malukan elite in about the 1460s-1470s. Ciri Leliatu's son Sultan al-Mansur ruled when the Portuguese first visited Maluku in 1512, and met the remnants of the Magellan expedition in 1521. [31]

Genealogy of the rulers of Tidore Tidore rulers.jpg
Genealogy of the rulers of Tidore

Under the reign of Sultan Saifuddin (1657-1689), the Sultanate of Tidore was an ally of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), [32] it was until the nineteenth Sultan of Tidore, Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin attacked the VOC in 1780. [33]

The last Sultan of Tidore was Zainal Abidin Syah who reigned from 1947 to 1967, during his reign the anti-feudalist movements led to the abolition of old monarchical institutions in 1949. [34]

List of Rulers:

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sultanate of Ternate</span> Sultanate

The Sultanate of Ternate, previously also known as the Kingdom of Gapi is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia besides the sultanates of Tidore, Jailolo, and Bacan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sultanate of Tidore</span> Sultanate in Southeast Asia

The Sultanate of Tidore was a sultanate in Southeast Asia, centered on Tidore in the Maluku Islands. It was also known as Duko, its ruler carrying the title Kië ma-kolano. Tidore was a rival of the Sultanate of Ternate for control of the spice trade, and had an important historical role as binding the archipelagic civilizations of Indonesia to the Papuan world. According to extant historical records, in particular the genealogies of the kings of Ternate and Tidore, the inaugural Tidorese king was Sahjati or Muhammad Naqil whose enthronement is dated 1081 in local tradition. However, the accuracy of the tradition that Tidore emerged as a polity as early as the 11th century is considered debatable. Islam was only made the official state religion in the late 15th century through the ninth King of Tidore, Sultan Jamaluddin. He was influenced by the preachings of Syekh Mansur, originally from Arabia. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the sultans tended to ally with either Spain or Portugal in order to maintain their political role, but were finally drawn into the Dutch sphere of power in 1663. In spite of a period of anti-colonial rebellion in 1780–1810, the Dutch grip on the sultanate increased until decolonization in the 1940s. Meanwhile, Tidore's suzerainty over Raja Ampat and western Papua was acknowledged by the colonial state. In modern time, the sultanate has been revived as a cultural institution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sultanate of Bacan</span> State in Southeast Asia (c.1322-1965)

The Sultanate of Bacan was a state in Maluku Islands, present-day Indonesia that arose with the expansion of the spice trade in late medieval times. It mainly consisted of the Bacan Islands but had periodical influence in Ceram and the Papuan Islands. It fell under the colonial influence of Portugal in the 16th century and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) after 1609. Bacan was one of the four kingdoms of Maluku together with Ternate, Tidore and Jailolo, but tended to be overshadowed by Ternate. After the independence of Indonesia in 1949, the governing functions of the sultan were gradually replaced by a modern administrative structure. However, the sultanate has been revived as a cultural entity in present times.

Zainal Abidin was the eighteenth ruler of the Ternate kingdom in Maluku in modern-day Indonesia. His life is only described in sources dating from the 16th century or later. According to these sources he was the first ruler of Ternate to use the title Sultan rather than Kolano, or king, and enacted a number of changes in the government, based on Islamic Law, technically transforming Ternate into an Islamic kingdom.

Sultan Hairun Jamilu was the 6th Muslim ruler of Ternate in Maluku, reigning from 1535 to 1570. During his long reign, he had a shifting relation to the Portuguese who had a stronghold in Ternate and tried to dominate the spice trade in the region. This ended with his assassination at the hands of a Portuguese soldier in 1570.

Bayan Sirrullah was the second Sultan of Ternate in Maluku. He is also known as Abu Lais or Kaicili Leliatu. He ruled from perhaps 1500 to 1521 and is important as the first east Indonesian ruler who made contact with the encroaching Portuguese.

Dayal also known as Hidayatullah was the fourth Sultan of Ternate in Maluku. He had a short and largely nominal reign between 1529 and 1533 before fleeing Ternate due to Portuguese pressure. He later tried to create an anti-Portuguese alliance among the kings in North Maluku, but was mortally wounded in battle against the Europeans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saidi Berkat</span> Sultan of Ternate

Sultan Saidi Berkat was the eighth Sultan of Ternate in the Maluku Islands. His capital and seat of power was in the city of Ternate. He succeeded to the extensive east Indonesian realm built up by his father Sultan Babullah, reigning from 1583 to 1606. The Spanish, who colonized the Philippines and had interests in Maluku, repeatedly tried to subdue Ternate, but were unsuccessful in their early attempts. Saidi's reign coincides with the arrival of the Dutch in Maluku, which indirectly caused his deposal and exile through a Spanish invasion.

Sultan Mudafar Syah I, also spelt Muzaffar Syah, was the ninth Sultan of Ternate who ruled from 1606 to 1627. He reigned during an important transitional phase, when the Dutch East India Company gained ascendency in the Maluku Islands and began to regulate the commerce in spices. This was the beginning of the colonial subordination of Maluku that would accelerate during his successors.

Sultan Hamza was the tenth Sultan of Ternate in the Maluku Islands. He ruled from 1627 to 1648, during a time when the Dutch East India Company (VOC) increasingly dominated this part of maritime Southeast Asia, and the increasing power of the Makassar kingdom threatened the Ternatan possessions.

Sultan Mandar Syah was the 11th Sultan of Ternate who reigned from 1648 to 1675. Like his predecessors he was heavily dependent on the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and was forced to comply to Dutch demands to extirpate spice trees in his domains, ensuring Dutch monopoly of the profitable spice trade. During the Great Ambon War in the 1650s, Mandar Syah sided with the VOC but was nevertheless pushed to cede control over areas in Central Maluku. On the other hand, the Ternate-VOC alliance led to a large increase of Ternatan territory in the war with Makassar in 1667.

Marhum was, according to late tradition, the eighteenth King or Kolano of Ternate in the Maluku Islands. He supposedly ruled between 1465 and 1486, being the first king to adopt Islam. His name merely means "The Late", "The Deceased", and he is probably the same person as King Gapi Baguna II, mentioned in several other chronicles and king lists. His son Zainal Abidin became the first Sultan of Ternate.

Ciri Leliatu (Ciriliyati) or Sultan Jamaluddin (fl. late 15th/early 16th century) was the first Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands, who reigned at a time when Islam made advances in this part of Indonesia because of contacts brought about by the increased trade in spices. He is also sometimes credited with the first Tidorese contacts with the Papuan Islands.


Sultan Saidi was the tenth Sultan of Tidore in Maluku islands. He was also known as Magiau and ruled from 1640 to 1657. His reign saw intermittent hostilities with Tidore's traditional rival, the Sultanate of Ternate, which included interference in an anti-Dutch rebellion in Ternate and Ambon and attempts to increase Tidorese territory in Maluku. By the time of Saidi's reign Tidore had gained a political position in parts of the Papuan territories.

Sultan Zainal Abidin was the twentieth Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands. He inherited the anti-Dutch movement that had been built up by his brother Nuku, succeeding him as ruler in 1805. However, he was not capable of resisting renewed attacks by the Dutch colonial power and was forced to flee from Tidore Island in 1806. In the following years he tried using allied populations in Halmahera and Papua to fight the Dutch, with limited success, until his demise in 1810. He was the last independent Sultan of Tidore, since his successors were firmly under British or Dutch control.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zainal Abidin Syah</span> Sultan of Tidore

Sultan Zainal Abidin Alting Syah was the 26th Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands, reigning from 1947 to 1967. He was also the appointed Governor of Irian Barat in 1956–1962 before the actual inclusion of Irian Barat in Indonesia, serving official Indonesian claims against Dutch colonial rule.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muhammad Jabir of Ternate</span> Sultan of Ternate

Sultan Muhammad Jabir Syah, also spelt Mohammad Djabir Sjah, was the 47th ruler of Ternate from 1929 to 1975. He was the last Ternatan Sultan with executive powers, since the old institutions of the sultanate were replaced with new bureaucratic structures after the winning of Indonesian Independence.

Cico according to historical tradition, was the first king (Kolano) of Ternate in Maluku Islands, Indonesia. His regnal years are given as 1257-1277. Being originally chief of Sampalu village by the coast, he was acknowledged as ruler by the other village leaders in Ternate, starting a dynasty that is still in existence. There are however, several versions of the foundation story, some of which say that Mashur-ma-lamo, son of the Arab immigrant Jafar Sadik, was the first king.

The pre-Islamic rulers of Ternate lorded over the leading spice-producing kingdom in the Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia. They are known from several partly different historical traditions. One version commences with Cico, a chief of the coastal village Sampalu who obtained a mystical golden mortar and pestle and was elected king (Kolano) by the chiefs of the islands. Other versions start with Mashur-ma-lamo, son of the Arab immigrant Jafar Sadik and a heavenly nymph. Ternate was part of a ritual quadripartition together with the kingdoms of Tidore, Jailolo and Bacan. After many generations, King Tidore Wonge converted to Islam and became Sultan under the name Zainal Abidin (1486?-1500?).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sultanate of Jailolo</span>

The Sultanate of Jailolo was a premodern state in Maluku, modern Indonesia that emerged with the increasing trade in cloves in the Middle Ages. Also spelt Gilolo, it was one of the four kingdoms of Maluku together with Ternate, Tidore, and Bacan, having its center at a bay on the west side of Halmahera. Jailolo existed as an independent kingdom until 1551 and had separate rulers for periods after that date. A revivalist Raja Jailolo movement made for much social and political unrest in Maluku in the 19th century. In modern times the sultanate has been revived as a symbolic entity.

References

  1. ↑ Coolhaas, W.Ph. (1923) "Kronijk van het rijk Batjan", Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 63.; Wessels, C. (1929) "De Katholieke missie in het Sultanaat Batjan (Molukken), 1667-1609", Historisch Tijdschrift 8:2 and 8:3 ; Schurhammer, Georg (1980) Francis Xavier: His Life, his times - vol. 3: Indonesia and India, 1545-1549. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, p. 143 .
  2. ↑ Noegroho, A. (1957) "'Tjatatan perdjalanan' dari Provinsi Irian Barat di Soa-Sio, Tidore", Mimbar Penerangan VIII:8, p. 563 .
  3. ↑ The pedigree and chronology of the sultans is only partly known; see Schurhammer, F. (1973-1982) Francis Xavier; His Life, His Times, Vol. I-IV. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute; Jacobs, Hubert (1974-1984) Documenta Malucensia, Vol. I-III. Rome: Jesuit Historical Society; Fraassen, C. van (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Leiden University (PhD Thesis).
  4. ↑ A.T. Gallop, 'Seventeenth-century Indonesian letters in the Public Record Office', Indonesia and Malay World, vol.31, no.91 (2003), pp. 412-439.
  5. ↑ Early dates before 1500 are unreliable, and are given by Valentijn, Francois (1724) Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien, Vol. I. Dordrecht & Amsterdam: Van Braam & Onde de Linden, p. 126-151. The genealogy and chronology of the sultans are given in Fraassen, C. van (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel, Vol. I-II. Leiden: Leiden University (PhD Thesis).
  6. ↑ Valentijn, François; Braam, Joannes van; Linden, G. onder de (January 8, 1724). "Oud en nieuw Oost-Indiën : vervattende een naaukeurige en uitvoerige verhandelinge van Nederlands mogentheyd in die gewesten, benevens eene wydluftige beschryvinge der Moluccos, Amboina, Banda, Timor, en Solor, Java, en alle de eylanden onder dezelve landbestieringen behoorende : het Nederlands comptoir op Suratte, en de levens der Groote Mogols : als ook een keurylke verhandeling van 't wezentlykste dat men behoort te weten van Choromandel, Pegu, Arracan, Bengale, Mocha, Persien, Malacca, Sumatra, Ceylon, Malabar, Celebes of Macassar, China, Japan, Tayouan of Formosa, Tonkin, Cambodia, Siam, Borneo, Bali, Kaap der Goede Hoop en van Mauritius : te zamen dus behelzende niet alleen eene zeer nette beschryving van alles, wat Nederlands Oost-Indiën betreft, maar ook 't voornaamste dat eenigzins tot eenige andere Europeërs, in die Gewesten, betrekking heeft ..." Te Dordrecht : By Joannes van Braam, boekverkooper ; Te Amsterdam : By Gerard onder de Linden, boekverkooper – via Internet Archive.
  7. ↑ Christiaan van Fraassen (1987), Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. I, p. 1-12.
  8. ↑ Christiaan van Fraassen (1987), Vol. II, p. 6.
  9. ↑ Soejono (2008), p. 194; François Valentijn (1724), p. 143..
  10. ↑ Amal (2016), p. 64.
  11. ↑ Hans Hägerdal (2017), Held's history of Sumbawa. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University press, p. 34. Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ Putuhena (2007), p. 101.
  13. ↑ Office of Islamic Information Service (1980), p. 28.
  14. ↑ Christiaan van Fraassen (1987), Vol. II, p. 14.
  15. ↑ C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 32.
  16. ↑ Robert Cribb (2000) Historical atlas of Indonesia. Richmond: Curzon, p. 103.
  17. ↑ C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, Vol. I, p. 47.
  18. ↑ J. Suyuthi Pulungan (16 February 2022). Sejarah Peradaban Islam di Indonesia. Amzah. p. 144. ISBN   9786020875484 . Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  19. ↑ Syahril Muhammad (2004). Kesultanan Ternate sejarah sosial, ekonomi, dan politik. Ombak. p. 108. ISBN   9789793472256 . Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  20. ↑ "Javasche Courant, Officieel Nieuwsblad". Dutch East Indies. Javasche Courant. 1933. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  21. ↑ Karel E.M. Bongenaar (2005) De ontwikkeling van het zelfbesturend landschap in Nederlandsch-Indië 1855-1942. Zutphen: Walburg Pers, p. 373.
  22. ↑ C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 60.
  23. ↑ C.F. van Fraassen (1987), p. 61-2.
  24. ↑ Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987), Vol. II, p. 2-4, 13-4. All dates up to 1500 are traditional and unverifiable.
  25. ↑ Early dates before 1500 are unreliable, and are given by Valentijn, Francois (1724) Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien, Vol. I. Dordrecht & Amsterdam: Van Braam & Onde de Linden, p. 126-151. The genealogy and chronology of the sultans are given in Fraassen, C. van (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel, Vol. I-II. Leiden: Leiden University (PhD Thesis).
  26. ↑ C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel, Vol. II. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, p. 61-2.
  27. ↑ Annie Nugraha (2017) "Tidore dalam balutan sejarah".
  28. ↑ P.J.B.C. Robidé van der Aa (1879) Reizen naar Nederlandsch Nieuw-Guinea. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, p. 18
  29. ↑ P.J.B.C. Robidé van der Aa (1879) Reizen naar Nederlandsch Nieuw-Guinea. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, p. 18
  30. ↑ Antonio Pigafetta (1906) Magellan's voyage around the world, Vol. II. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company, p. 91.
  31. ↑ Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990), Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore. Banda Naira: Rumah Budaya Banda Naira, p. 20-5.
  32. ↑ Leonard Andaya (1993), The world of Maluku. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 171.
  33. ↑ Satrio Widjojo, Muridan (2009). The revolt of Prince Nuku: cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780-1810. BRILL. ISBN   9789004172012.
  34. ↑ C.F. van Fraassen (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. I, p. 62-4.
  35. ↑ Katoppo, Elvianus (1957) Nuku, Sulthan Sadul Djehad Muhammad el Mabus Amirudin Sjah, Kaitjili Paparangan, Sulthan Tidore. Kilatmadju Bina Budhaja; Widjojo, Muridan (2009) The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c. 1780-1810. Leiden: Brill. The exact genealogy of the rulers before the mid-17th century is not known by the local historical tradition; for the known details, see Clercq, F.S.A. de (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill, p. 321 ; Robidé van der Aa, P.J.B.C. (1879) Reizen naar Nederlandsch Nieuw-Guinea. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, p. 18-19 ; Bastian, Adolf (1894) Indonesien, oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipel. Berlin: Dümmler, p. 65 .

Bibliography

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