List of spacecraft powered by non-rechargeable batteries

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This is a list of spacecraft powered by non-rechargeable batteries. While most spacecraft are powered by longer-lasting power sources such as solar cells or radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which can provide power for years to decades, some have been powered by primary (non-rechargeable) electrochemical cells, which provide runtimes of minutes to months. This is typically done only on spacecraft that are planned to operate for only a short time, even if they must travel for a long time before being activated. Some spacecraft classes where this applies are atmospheric probes, short-duration landers, and technology demonstrators. Some early Earth satellites, such as the first Sputnik and Explorer satellites, also used primary batteries, before solar panels were widely adopted.

Contents

Uncrewed

  1. Year of battery-powered operation, if later than launch year
  2. From either launch or start of battery-powered operation to end of mission due to either battery failure or another cause. If the mission ended due to a cause other than battery failure, battery life is given as ">" (greater than) because the battery could have lasted longer.
  3. Launched 1997
  4. Venera 7 separated from its bus after atmospheric entry, at an altitude of 60 km. The parachute failed during descent, and the lander was knocked onto its side upon landing. This caused the radio link geometry to be suboptimal, reducing received signal strength and the duration a given received signal strength could be maintained. It was a few weeks after the landing that it was discovered from analyzing recordings of the received signal that the lander had kept transmitting after landing, but the signal was received too weakly to discern at first.
Examples with a supplementary power
WhatParentType of BatterySecondaryNotes
Luna 9 Solar [28] Lunar landing (1966)
Sojourner rover Mars Pathfinder Lithium-thionyl chloride (LiSOCL2) [29] SolarRoved Mars (1997)
Sputnik 3 -Silver-Zinc [30] Solar (Experiment)Earth satellite
Philae Rosetta Lithium-thionyl chloride (LiSOCl2) (900 W*h)
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) (100 W*h)
SolarComet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (2014) [31]
Vanguard 1 Mercury [32] Earth satellite (1958)

Primary power comes from a chemical battery, but a secondary system exists. For example, Luna 9 ran out of power after three days. [28]


Crewed

See also

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