List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines

Last updated

The list of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines include people that Philippine historians and other figures have identified as having held the presidency of a government that intended to represent the Philippines but are not counted by the modern Government of the Philippines as an official President of the Philippines.

A presidency is an administration or the executive, the collective administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of president of a state or nation. Although often the executive branch of government, and often personified by a single elected person who holds the office of "president," in practice, the presidency includes a much larger collective of people, such as chiefs of staff, advisers and other bureaucrats. Although often led by a single person, presidencies can also be of a collective nature, such as the presidency of the European Union is held on a rotating basis by the various national governments of the member states. Alternatively, the term presidency can also be applied to the governing authority of some churches, and may even refer to the holder of a non-governmental office of president in a corporation, business, charity, university, etc. or the institutional arrangement around them. For example, "the presidency of the Red Cross refused to support his idea." Rules and support to discourage vicarious liability leading to unnecessary pressure and the early termination of term have not been clarified. These may not be as yet supported by state let initiatives. Contributory liability and fraud may be the two most common ways to become removed from term of office and/or to prevent re-election

A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state.

Philippines Republic in Southeast Asia

The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Situated in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. Bounded by the South China Sea on the west, the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest, the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Vietnam to the west, Palau to the east, and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south.

Contents

History

Andrés Bonifacio is considered by some historians to be the first President of the Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan secret society. Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in August 1896 (the Cry of Balintawak), Bonifacio transformed it into a revolutionary government with him as President. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Spanish: Republica Tagala). (Although the word Tagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it to denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place of Filipino which had colonial origins.) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Andrés Bonifacio Filipino nationalist and revolutionary

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was a Filipino revolutionary leader and the president of the Tagalog Republic. He is often called "The Father of the Philippine Revolution". He was one of the founders and later Supremo of the Kataas-taasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or more commonly known as "Katipunan", a movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine Revolution. He was also one of the Filipino historical figures to be recommended as a national hero of the Philippines.

Tagalog language Austronesian language

Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by the majority. Its standardized form, officially named Filipino, is the national language of the Philippines, and is one of two official languages alongside English.

Katipunan anti-Spanish revolutionary society founded in 1892 in the Philippines

The Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangang, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, also known as Katipunan or KKK, was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish colonialism Filipinos in Manila in 1892; its primary goal was to gain independence from Spain through a revolution. Documents discovered in the 21st century suggest that the society had been organized as early as January 1892 but may not have become active until July 7 of the same year; that was the date that Filipino writer José Rizal was to be banished to Dapitan. Founded by Filipino patriots Andrés Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Darilyo Valino, Rulfo Guia, Dano Belica, Tiburcio Liamson, and Gabrino Manzanero, the Katipunan was a secret organization until it was discovered in 1896. This discovery led to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution.

Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar y Carpio should also be included. [6] Miguel Malvar y Carpio continued Emilio Aguinaldo's leadership of the First Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902. Macario Sakay founded a Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar and Sakay are not recognized as Presidents by the Philippine government. [7] [8]

Macario Sakay Filipino general, merchant and revolutionary

Macario Sakay y de León was a Filipino general who took part in the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and in the Philippine-American War. After the war was declared over by the United States in 1902, Sakay continued resistance by leading guerrilla raids. The following year he became President of the Republic of Katagalugan.

Emilio Aguinaldo First president of the Philippines, revolutionary leader

Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Filipino revolutionary, politician, and military leader who is officially recognized as the first and the youngest President of the Philippines (1899–1901) and first president of a constitutional republic in Asia. He led Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter part of the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898), and then in the Spanish–American War (1898), and finally against the United States during the Philippine–American War (1899–1901).

First Philippine Republic Self-proclaimed independent republic from 1899–1901

The Philippine Republic, more commonly known as the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic, was a nascent revolutionary government in the Philippines. It was formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 21, 1899, in Malolos, Bulacan, and endured until the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo by the American forces on March 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabela, which effectively dissolved the First Republic.

Emilio Aguinaldo is officially recognized as the first President of the Philippines, but this is based on his term of office during the Malolos Republic, later known as the First Philippine Republic. Prior to this Aguinaldo had held the presidency of several revolutionary governments which are not counted in the succession of Philippine republics.

Manuel L. Quezon delegated his presidential duties to José Abad Santos, the then Chief Justice, when he former fled the Philippines amidst Japanese occupation of the islands to establish a government-in-exile. He is believed to have in effect became the Acting President of the Philippine Commonwealth though no legal document has been retrieved detailing the official transfer of the title of President to Abad Santos. [9]

Manuel L. Quezon president of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944

Manuel Luís Quezon y Molina was a Filipino statesman, soldier and politician who served as president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the entire Philippines, and is considered to have been the second president of the Philippines, after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901).

José Abad Santos fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines and served as Acting President of the Philippines during World War II

José Abad Santos was the fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He briefly served as the Acting President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and Acting Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines during World War II, on behalf of President Quezon after the government went in exile to the United States. After about two months, he was executed by the Japanese forces for refusing to cooperate during their occupation of the country.

List

#President
(Birth–Death) 		Took officeLeft officePartyVice PresidentGovernment
A Andres Bonifacio.jpg Andres Bonifacio y de Castro
(30 November 1863–10 May 1897) (Lived: 33 years)
[5] [10] [11] [12] 		August 24, 1896 [L 1] March 22, 1897 [L 2]
or
May 10, 1897 [L 3] 		Katipunan
Gregoria Álvarez de Jesús 		Sovereign Tagalog Nation
B Aguinaldo.jpg Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy
(22 March 1869–6 February 1964) (Lived: 94 years)
March 22, 1897 [L 4] November 1, 1897 [L 5] Katipunan - later abolished
(Magdalo faction)		 Mariano Trias y Closas Tejeros revolutionary government
November 2, 1897 [L 6] December 14, 1897 [L 7] Independent Republic of Biak-na-Bato
May 24, 1898June 23, 1898 [L 8] Dictatorial Republic [L 9]
June 23, 1898 [L 10] </ref>January 23, 1899 [L 11] Pre-Malolos revolutionary government
C Francisco Macabulos y Soliman
(17 September, 1871–30 August 1922) (Lived 50 years)		April 17, 1898May 19, 1898 [L 12] Independent
(Formerly Katipunan)		 Central Executive Committee
D Miguel malvar PG.jpg Miguel Malvar y Carpio
(27 September 1865–13 October 1911) (Lived: 46 years)
[13]
April 1, 1901 [L 13] April 16, 1902 [L 14] Independent
(Formerly Katipunan)		none
(The 1899 Constitution did not provide for a Vice President.)		 First Republic
(Malolos Republic)
E Macario Sacay.jpg Macario Sakay y de León
(1870–13 September 1907) (Lived 37 years)
[14] [15] [16]
May 6, 1902 [L 15] July 14, 1906 [L 16] Independent
(Formerly Katipunan)		 Francisco Carreón y Marcos Tagalog Republic
F Swearing of Jose Abad Santos (cropped).jpg Jose Abad Santos
(19 February 1886–2 May 1942) (Lived 56 years) [9] 		March 17, 1942May 2, 1942Independent Philippine Commonwealth
G Jorge B Vargas.jpg Jorge Bartolome Vargas
( 24 April 1890 –22 February 1980) (Lived 89 years)		January 23, 1942October 14, 1943 [L 17] KALIBAPI none Philippine Executive Commission
   Katipunan
   Independent
   KALIBAPI
Notes
  1. ↑ Term began when Bonifacio declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic.
  2. ↑ Term ended after the Tejeros Convention.
  3. ↑ Executed for treason by Aguinaldo's government; Bonifacio did not recognize its validity and still acted as president.
  4. ↑ Term was established at the Tejeros Convention; Aguinaldo took his oath of office the day after (March 23), but did not fully assume the office until late April 1897.
  5. ↑ Term ended with the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
  6. ↑ Term began after the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
  7. ↑ Term ended when Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
  8. ↑ Term ended when Aguinaldo shifted from dictatorial to revolutionary governemt.
  9. ↑ Aguinaldo formally held the title of "Dictator", was not formally President until the end of the Dictatorial government.
  10. ↑ Term began with the declaration of a revolutionary government replacing the dictatorship.<ref name='pangulo.ph/prexy_efa'> "Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy". pangulo.ph. Archived from the original on 2004-12-05.
  11. ↑ Term ended with the inauguration of the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.
  12. ↑ Term ended upon the return of Aguinaldo to established a dictatorial republic.
  13. ↑ Term began when Malvar assumed the presidency after the capture of Aguinaldo.
  14. ↑ Term ended when Malvar surrendered in Batangas.
  15. ↑ Term began when Sakay declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic (in the tradition of Bonifacio instead of Aguinaldo).
  16. ↑ Term ended when Sakay surrendered as part of an amnesty; he was executed a year later.
  17. ↑ Term ended upon the establishment of Second Philippine Republic.

Timeline

Tagalog Republic#Sakay's RepublicMiguel MalvarFirst Philippine RepublicHistory of the Philippines (1898–1946)#Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governmentsHistory of the Philippines (1898–1946)#Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governmentsCentral Executive Committee (Philippines)Republic of Biak-na-BatoTejeros ConventionList of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines

See also

This article presents a timeline of the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines, showing transitions of sovereignty over the Philippine archipelago. It also lists invasion attempts and insurgency movements from the pre-Hispanic period to the present.

President of the Philippines Head of state and of government of the Republic of the Philippines

The President of the Philippines is the head of state and head of government of the Philippines. The President leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The President is directly elected by the people, and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the Vice President of the Philippines. However, four vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having been elected to the office, by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation.

Republic of Biak-na-Bato

The Republic of Biak-na-Bato, officially referred to in its constitution as the Republic of the Philippines, was the first republic ever declared in the Philippines by revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries. Despite its successes, including the establishment of the Philippines' first ever constitution, the republic lasted just over a month. It was disestablished by a peace treaty signed by Aguinaldo and the Spanish Governor-General, Fernando Primo de Rivera which included provision for exile of Aguinaldo and key associates to Hong Kong.

Related Research Articles

Philippine Revolution armed military conflict between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities

The Philippine Revolution, also called the Tagalog War by the Spanish, was a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the people and insurgents of the Philippines and the Kingdom of Spain - including its Spanish Empire and Spanish colonial authorities in the Spanish East Indies.

Tagalog Republic is a term used to refer to two revolutionary governments involved in the Philippine Revolution against Spain and the Philippine–American War. Both were connected to the Katipunan revolutionary movement.

Baldomero Aguinaldo Philippine Revolution leader

Baldomero Aguinaldo y Baloy was a leader of the Philippine Revolution. He was the first cousin of Emilio Aguinaldo, the first president of the Philippines, as well as the grandfather of Cesar Virata, a former prime minister in the 1980s.

Miguel Malvar Filipino general

Miguel Malvar y Carpio was a Filipino general who served during the Philippine Revolution and subsequently during the Philippine–American War. He assumed command of the Philippine revolutionary forces during the latter conflict following the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo by the Americans in 1901. According to some historians, he could have been listed as one of the presidents of the Philippines but is currently not recognized as such by the Philippine government.

Mariano Álvarez Filipino revolutionary and statesman

Mariano Álvarez was a Filipino revolutionary and statesman.

Mariano Trías Vice President First Philippine Republic

Mariano Trías y Closas is considered to be the first de facto Philippine Vice President of that revolutionary government established at the Tejeros Convention - an assembly of Philippine revolutionary leaders that elected officials of the revolutionary movement against the colonial government of Spain. When that assembly broke into factions, a truce known as the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed by the group and also recognized the elected officials and Trias as the vice president of Emilio Aguinaldo, who is also considered to be the first President of the Philippines. With the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution by the Malolos Convention, the First Philippine Republic was born. Under this Aguinaldo administration, Trias served in the cabinet initially as Secretary of Finance and, later, as Secretary of War.

Magdiwang (Katipunan faction) chapter of the Philippine revolutionary organization Katipunan

The Magdiwang was a chapter of the Katipunan, a Philippine revolutionary organization founded by Filipino rebels in Manila in 1892, with the aim to gain independence from Spain. The Magdiwang Council was acknowledged "as the supreme organ responsible for the successful campaigns against the enemy."

Sakay is a 1993 Filipino historical drama film directed by Raymond Red. The film stars Julio Diaz, Tetchie Agbayani and Leopoldo Salcedo. It was produced by Alpha Omega Productions. The film portrays the latter part of the life of Filipino patriot and hero Macario Sakay, who was declared an outlaw and a criminal for continuing hostilities against the United States after the "official" end of the Philippine–American War.

Francisco Carreón Filipino general

Francisco Carreón y Marcos was a Filipino general in the Philippine Revolution against Spain and in the Philippine-American War. As the vice president of Macario Sakay's Tagalog Republic (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan), he continued resistance against the United States up until the dissolution of the republic in 1906. He was captured on July 14, 1906 and was imprisoned in the old Bilibid Prison; he was later released in 1930 through a pardon.

Emilio Jacinto Filipino revolutionary

Emilio Jacinto y Dizon was a Filipino General during the Philippine Revolution. He was one of the highest-ranking officer in the Philippine Revolution and was one of the highest-ranking officers of the revolutionary society Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, or simply and more popularly called Katipunan, being a member of its Supreme Council. He was elected Secretary of State for the Haring Bayang Katagalugan, a revolutionary government established during the outbreak of hostilities. He is popularly known in Philippine history textbooks as the Brains of the Katipunan while some contend he should be rightfully recognized as the "Brains of the Revolution". Jacinto was present in the so-called Cry of Pugad Lawin with Andrés Bonifacio, the Supremo of the Katipunan, and others of its members which signaled the start of the Revolution against the Spanish colonial government in the islands.

The Sovereignty of the Philippines refers to the status of the Philippines as an independent nation. This article covers sovereignty transitions relating to the Philippines, with particular emphasis on the passing of sovereignty from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1898), signed on December 10, 1898 to end the Spanish–American War.

1897 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 1897.

This is the timeline of the Philippine Revolution. It contains the events before and during the revolution.

A revolutionary government or provisional government has been declared a number of times in the Philippines by insurgent groups.

References

  1. ↑ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998 , pp.  25 (Item 3 in the list, referring to Note 41 at p.61, citing Guerrero, Encarnacion & Villegas);
    ^ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998 , pp.  26, "Formation of a revolutionary government";
    ^ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998 , pp.  135 (in "Document G", Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos).
  2. ↑ Halili & Halili 2004 , pp.  138–139.
  3. ↑ Severino, Howie (November 27, 2007), Bonifacio for (first) president, GMA News.
  4. ↑
  5. 1 2
  6. ↑ Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2010). "Bonifacio, First President of the Philippines?". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  7. ↑ manilatimes.net, Lawmaker: History wrong on Gen. Malvar Archived 2008-01-04 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Flores, Paul (August 12, 1995), Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?, Philippine History Group of Los Ángeles, archived from the original on June 9, 2007, retrieved 2007-04-08
  9. 1 2 Orejas, Tonette. "Abad Santos, acting Commonwealth president, gets proper honors in place where he died". newsinfo.inquirer.net.
  10. ↑ Guererro, Francis Rodney; Songalia (1998). Reform and Revolution. Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People. 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. ISBN   962-258-228-1.
  11. ↑ Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad; Borromeo, Soledad Masangkay (1998). The Cry of Balintawak: a contrived controversy. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN   971-550-278-4.
  12. ↑ Severino, Howie (2007-11-27). "Bonifacio for (first) president". gmanews.tv. GMA Network . Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  13. ↑ Cruz, Maricel V. (2008-02-02). "Lawmaker: History wrong on Gen. Malvar". www.manilatimes.net. Manila Times. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  14. ↑ Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960]. History of the Filipino People (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing Inc. ISBN   971-10-2415-2.
  15. ↑ Flores, Paul (1995-08-12). "Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?". Philippine History Group of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
  16. ↑ Tan, Michael (2007-09-21). "September's heroes". www.inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 2009-08-20.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.