List of witnesses to the International Military Tribunal

Einsatzgruppen commander Otto Ohlendorf testifies for the American prosecution, 3 January 1946

During the International Military Tribunal, 37 witnesses testified for the prosecution. ^[1] 80 witnesses testified for the defense, including 19 of the defendants. An additional 143 witnesses gave evidence for the defense by written answers to interrogatories. For the defense of the organizations, 101 witnesses were heard before Commissioners elected by the tribunal and 1809 affidavits from other witnesses were submitted. A further six reports were submitted, summarizing many more affidavits. ^[2]

Prosecution witnesses

Prosecution witnesses

Name	Date	Role	Called by	Testified about	Relevant to defendants
Erwin Lahousen	30 November	Abwehr general and 20 July plotter	United States	Conspiracy to commit crimes against peace	Ribbentrop, Keitel, and others [3]
Otto Ohlendorf	3 January [4]	Einsatzgruppen commander	United States	The murder of 80,000 people by those under his command [5] [6]	SS, High Command, and the SD [4]
Dieter Wisliceny	3 January	Eichmann's subordinate	United States		[7]
Walter Schellenberg	4 January	SS intelligence officer	United States	Einsatzgruppen	[7]
Alois Hollriege	4 January	Mauthausen guard	United States	murder of prisoners	von Schirach and Kaltenbrunner [8]
Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski	7 January [9]	SS general	United States	German anti-partisan warfare, related killings of civilians [5] [6]	High Command of the Wehrmacht [9]
Franz Blaha	11 January	Czech doctor and survivor of Dachau concentration camp	United States	Nazi human experimentation [10]
Maurice Lampe	25 January	French resistance member, survivor of Mauthausen concentration camp	France		[11]
Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier	28 January	French resistance member	France	what she had seen during the three years she spent in Auschwitz concentration camp [12] [13]
Francisco Boix	28 January	Spanish photographer, survivor of Mauthausen concentration camp	France [14]	Albert Speer's visit to Mauthausen, among other things	Speer [15]
Hans Cappelen	28 January	Norwegian lawyer, concentration camp survivor	France		[16]
Leo van der Essen	4 February [17]	librarian of the Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium)	France	destruction of the library during both world wars [18]
Friedrich von Paulus	11 February	German field marshal in command at the Battle of Stalingrad	Soviet Union	Crimes against peace [19]	Keitel, Jodl, and Göring were most responsible for the war [20]
Erich Buschenhagen	12 February	German general	Soviet Union	Finland and Germany conspiring to invade the Soviet Union [21]
Joseph Orbeli	22 February	Soviet Armenian scholar	Soviet Union	siege of Leningrad, damage to Winter Palace [22]
Jacob Grigorev	26 February	peasant from Pskov (Russia)	Soviet Union	village attacked "for no reason" in October 1943 [23]
Eugene Kivelisha	26 February	Red Army doctor	Soviet Union	German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war [24]
Abraham Sutzkever	27 February	Yiddish poet from Vilna (Lithuania)	Soviet Union	Vilna Ghetto, Ponary massacre [25] [26]	None [25]
Seweryna Szmaglewska	27 February	Polish Auschwitz survivor	Soviet Union	abuse of children [27]	[28]
Samuel Rajzman	27 February	Treblinka survivor	Soviet Union [25] [29]	Treblinka extermination camp [27]	None [25]
Nikolai Lomakin	27 February	Russian Orthodox metropolitan	Soviet Union	Siege of Leningrad [30]

Defense witnesses

• Witnesses gave testimonies for one or more of the seven government organizations and/or one or more of the 24 leaders of Nazi Germany

Defense witnesses for the organizations

Name	Date	Role	Called by	Testified about	Relevant to defendants
Adolf Heusinger		Chief of the Operations Section of the High Command of the Army from 1940 to 1944.		General Staff and High Command	General Staff and High Command
Albert Hoffmann		Gauleiter of Southern Westphalia 1943-1945		Gauleiters (Political Leaders)	Corps of Political Leaders
Albert Kesselring		Commander-in-Chief West (end of war)		General Staff and High Command	General Staff and High Command
Alfred Helmut Naujocks		Carried out attack on Gleiwitz Broadcasting Station in 1939		SD	SD
Anton Schueller		NSV (Welfare)		Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP	Corps of Political Leaders
Bruno Biedermann		Gaupersonalamtsleiter (personnel)		Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP	Corps of Political Leaders
Dieter Wislicency		Jewish Committee of the Eichmann Department		Department of Eichmann	SS
Dr. Alfred Hoengen		Worked in SD concerning law and administration		SD	SD
Dr. Brausse		Court Martial Officer (SS Judge)		Waffen-SS	SS
Emmerich David		Vicar of the Diocese of Cologne		SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war	SA
Ernst Geier		President of Nuremberg Branch of the State Railways and former Hauptsturmfuehrer		SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war	SA
Dr. Frinhart Rathcke		Konsistorialrat of the Evangelical Church		SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war	SA
Dr. Gottfried Boley		Ministerialrat in the Reich Chancellery in Berlin		SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war	SA
Dr. Hans Ehlich		Chief of Section II B of Amt 3 of RSHA (population and racial questions)		SD	SD
Dr. Hans Roessner		in Group II C of Amt 3 of RSHA (science, education, religion)		SD	SD
Dr. Heinz Joachim Graf		Chief of the Interpreting and Interrogation Section		Waffen-SS	SS
Dr. Helmut Knochen		Chief of SiPo and SD in France 1942-1944		SD	SD
Dr. Kurt Wolf		Lawyer		SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war	SA
Dr. Norbert Pohl		Senior Assault Unit Leader		SS Main Offices	SS
Dr. Peter Liebrich		Medical Officer in Allgemeine SS and Waffen-SS		Waffen-SS	SS
Werner Best		Ministerial Dierector of the Security Police in Reich Ministry of the Interior and Reich Plenipotentiary in Denmark		Gestapo	Gestapo
Eberhard Hinderfeld		Legal adviser to SS disciplinary court in Munic		Allgemeine SS	SS
Eberhard von Thadden		Councillor in the German Foreign Office		Department of Eichmann	SS
Eduard Kuehl		Kreisleiter in Hanover 1943-1945		Kreisleiters	Corps of Political Leaders
Edward Willy Meyer Wendeborn		Kreisleiter in Kloppenburg 1934-1945		Kreisleiters	Corps of Political Leaders
Else Paul		Reichsfrauenschaft (women)		Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP	Corps of Political Leaders
Eric von Manstein		Commanded the 11th Army in 1942		General Staff and High Command	General Staff and High Command
Erna Westernacher		Frauenschaftsleiterin (women)		Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP	Corps of Political Leaders
Ernst Hirt		Blockleiter in Nurnberg 1942-1945		Block and Zellen Leiters	Corps of Political Leaders
Ewald Schleicker		Kreisleiter in Coblentz 1937-1945		Kreisleiters	Corps of Political Leaders
Feliz Schieblich		Volunteer		Waffen-SS	SS
Franz Bock		SA Obergruppenfuehrer in Düsseldorf		SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war	SA
Franz Halder		Chief of the General Staff of the Army		General Staff and High Command	General Staff and High Command
Franz Straub		Chief of the Security Police and SD in Brussels 1940-1943		Gestapo	Gestapo
Friedrich Habenicht		SA Brigade Leader in Wuppertal and President of Police		SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war	SA
Karl von Eberstein		Oberabschnittsführer in Dresden and Chief of Police in Bavaria from 1937 to 1945		Allgemeine SS	SS
Friedrich Klaehn		Chief of Amt "Schrift" (Publications Department)		SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war	SA
Gerd von Rundstedt		Field Marshal of Heer and Wehrmacht		General Staff and High Command	General Staff and High Command
Graf von Roedern		Auslandsorganisation		Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP	Corps of Political Leaders
Guenther Joel		Reich Ministry of Justice and attorney general of Westphalia		Gestapo (closing of unauthorized concentration camps belonging to the SS/SA) and Action Zeppelin	Gestapo
Hans Juettner		SS Senior Group Leader of the Main Headquarters of the Waffen-SS.		Deaths Heads Units and the SS Verfuegungstruppe	SS
Hans Oberlindober		President of the National Socialist War Veterans Associations (Frontkaemphferbundes).		SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war	SA
Georg-Hans Reinhardt		Commanded the Third Panzer Army and Army Group Center until January 1945.		General Staff and High Command	General Staff and High Command
Hans Roettinger		Chief of the 4th Army of the Central Army Group		General Staff and High Command	General Staff and High Command
Hans Schneider[ who? ]		Zellenleiter in Augsburg 1936-1942		Block and Zellen Leiters	Corps of Political Leaders
Hans Tesmer		Attorney of the Gestapo in Berlin 1936-1945		Gestapo (compulsory character of membership and status of administrative personnel)	Gestapo
Hans Wegsheider		Ortsgruppenleiter in Allgau 1933-1945		Ortsgruppenleiter	Corps of Political Leaders
Heinrich Vitzdmann		Chief of Police and Gestapo in Konigsberg and Police President		Gestapo (closing of unauthorized concentration camps belonging to the SS/SA) and Action Zeppelin	Gestapo
Helmuth Kluck		Public Health Officer and Senator in Danzig		Allgemeine SS	SS
Joachim Ruoff		Colonel in the Main Headquarters of the Waffen-SS		Waffen-SS	SS
Johann Hedel		Technical Information Bureau of Gestapo in Munich		Gestapo (compulsory character of membership and status of administrative personnel)	Gestapo
Johann Mohr		Agrarpolitisches Amt (Agriculture)		Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP	Corps of Political Leaders
Johannes Zupke		Personnel Department of the Order Police		SS Regiments	SS
Karl Chudoba		Student Organizations		Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP	Corps of Political Leaders
Karl Engelbert		Kreiswirtschaftsberater (Kreis economic adviser)		Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP	Corps of Political Leaders
Karl Guenther Molk		Senior Assault Unit Leader of SS (Junker) Training School		Waffen-SS	SS
Karl Hans Joehnk		Member of the Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler		Allgemeine SS	SS
Karl Heinz Hoffmann		Chief of Amt IV of the Security Police in Denmark		Gestapo	Gestapo
Karl Otto Kurt Kaufmann		Gauleiter of Hamburg 1928-1945		Gauleiters (Political Leaders)	Corps of Political Leaders
Karl Otto von Der Borch		Provincial Riding Leader in the Ostmark		NS Reiterkorps (Riding Units)	SA
Karl Ullrich		Commander of the SS Panzer Division Viking		Waffen-SS	SS
Karl Wahl		Gauleiter in Schwaben (Bavaria) 1928-1945		Gauleiters (Political Leaders)	Corps of Political Leaders
Siegfried Westphal		Chief of Staff in Italy from 1943 to 1944		General Staff and High Command	General Staff and High Command
Franz Schlegelberger		Under Secretary in the Ministry of Justice		Cabinet meetings and functions of the Fuehrer	Reich Cabinet
Ludwig Grauert		State Secretary of Prussia		Allgemeine SS	SS
Ludwig Oldach		Chief of Gestapo in Mecklenburg District 1933-1945		Gestapo	Gestapo
Martin Hauffe		Chief of Administration in Sigmaningen, and Landesfuehrer (Provincial Leader) of the Stahlhelm		Stahlhelm	SA
Max Jüttner		SA Obergruppenfuehrer, Permanent Deputy of the Chief of Staff of the SA.		SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war	SA
Otto Freiherr von Waldenfels		Landesfuehrer (Provincial Leader) in Bavaria		Stahlhelm	SA
Otto Somann		Chief of Security Police in Wiesbaden		Gestapo (compulsory character of membership and status of administrative personnel)	Gestapo
Paul Hausser		Commanding Army Group G on the Western Front		Deaths Heads Units, SS Verfuegungstruppe, and the Waffen-SS	SS
Paul Koppe		Office of "Community Policy" (Local Government Affairs)		Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP	Corps of Political Leaders
Paul Wolf		Zellenleiter in Saarbruecken 1941-1945		Block and Zellen Leiters	Corps of Political Leaders
Richard Mueller		Central Administration of the Party (The Treasury)		Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP	Corps of Political Leaders
Richard Walle		Obertruppfuehrer in Westphalia		NS Reiterkorps (Riding Units)	SA
Ritter von Leeb		Commander-in-Chief Army Group North on the Russian Front in 1941		General Staff and High Command	General Staff and High Command
Robert Brill		Deputy Chief of Recruiting Section of the Waffen-SS Main Office		Waffen-SS	SS
Rolf-Heinz Höppner		Incharge of Amt 3 A of the RSHA		SD	SD
Rudolf Kuehn		Blockleiter in Berlin 1935-1945		Block and Zellen Leiters	Corps of Political Leaders
Ruediger von Woikowski-Biedau		Inspectorate of Riding in the SS Main Office.		Riding Units (SS)	SS
Theo Gruss		Paymaster of the Stahlhelm		Stahlhelm	SA
Theo Hupfauer		DAF (German labor front)		Gau and Kreis Staffs and organizations affiliated to the NSDAP	Corps of Political Leaders
Theodore Busse		Commanded a Corps in July 1944 and was later appointed to Command the 9th Army.		General Staff and High Command	General Staff and High Command
Theophil Burgstahler		Clergyman		SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war	SA
Walter Albath		Chief of Gestapo in Konigsberg 1941-1943; acting Inspector of Security Police and SD in Wehrkreis I		Gestapo	Gestapo
Walter Blume		Recruiting Section of the Waffen-SS Main Office		Waffen-SS	SS
Walter Schellenberg		Chief of Section E of Amt IV of the RSHA		General Staff and High Command	General Staff and High Command
Walter von Brauchitsch		Commander-in-Chief of the Army until 1941.		General Staff and High Command	General Staff and High Command
Werner Grothmann		Adjutant to Himmler 1940 to 1945.		Waffen-SS	SS
Werner Schaeffer		Commandant of Oranienburg 1933-1934		SA didn't eliminate forces via terror, suppress trade unions, spread propaganda, encourage persecution of the Church, nor conspire in plans of aggressive war	SA
Wilhelm Grunwald		representative of the Inspector of Security Police and SD in Braunschweig		Gestapo (their closing of unauthorized concentration camps belonging to the SS and SA) and Action Zeppelin	Gestapo
Wilhelm Johann Kirchbaum		Chief of the Military Police in Obersalzberg 1940-1945		Gestapo (compulsory character of membership and status of administrative personnel)	Gestapo
Wilhelm List		Commanded an Army in France, Poland and Greece until 1942		General Staff and High Command	General Staff and High Command
Wolfram Sievers		Part of the Ahnenerbe		SS Main Offices	SS

Defense witnesses for the individual defendants

Name	Date	Role	Called by	Testified about	Relevant to defendants
Hans Bernd Gisevius	26 April 1946	German resistance and Abwehr official	Dr. Otto Pannenbecker	State of the police authority in Germany	Wilhelm Frick
Rudolf Hess	31 August 1946	Deputy Fuhrer	Dr. Kauffmann	Atrocities at Auschwitz and destruction of European Jewry	Kaltenbrunner, Hess
Herman Goering		Founder of Gestapo			Herman Goering
Ernst Kaltenbrunner		Senior SS, head of Reich Main Security			Ernst Kaltenbrunner
Wilhelm Frick		Minister of Interior, Reich Protector of Moravia and Bohemia			Wilhelm Frick
Julius Streicher		Author of "Der Struemen" and other anti-semetic publishings			Julius Streicher
Franz von Papen		Vice-Chancellor of Germany			Franz von Papen
Arthur Seyss-Inquart		Reich Commissioner for Occupied Netherlands			Arthur Seyss
Wilhelm Keitel		Chief of Armed Forces High Command			Wilhelm Keitel
Hjalmar Schacht		Economist, President of Reichsbank			Hjalmar Schacht
Alfred Jodl		Chief of Operations of Armed Forces High Command			Alfred Jodl
Albert Speer		Minister of Armaments and War Production			Albert Speer
Karl Doenitz		Commander of Navy, Hitler's successor			Karl Doenitz
Hans Frank		Governor-General of occupied Poland			Hans Frank
Walther Funk		Minister of Economics, President of Reichsbank			Walther Funk
Konstantin von Neurath		Foreign Minister, Protector of Morovia and Bohemia	`		Konstantin von Neurath
Erich Raeder		Grand Admiral, Commander in Chief of Navy			Erich Raeder
Joachim von Ribbentrop		Foreign Minister of Nazi Germany			Joachim von Ribbentrop
Fritz Sauckel		Plenipotenkary General of Utilization of Labour			Fritz Sauckel
Baldur von Schirach		Youth Leader of Nazi Party			Baldur von Schirach

References

1. Priemel 2016, p. 105.
2. International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg) Judgement of 1 October 1946. 1 October 1946. p. 13.
3. Hirsch 2020, p. 130.
4. Hirsch 2020, p. 193.
5. Douglas 2001, pp. 69–70.
6. Priemel 2016, pp. 118–119.
7. Hirsch 2020, p. 194.
8. Hirsch 2020, pp. 194–195.
9. Hirsch 2020, p. 199.
10. Hirsch 2020, p. 201.
11. Hirsch 2020, pp. 207–208.
12. Hirsch 2020, p. 208.
13. Douglas 2001, p. 70.
14. Hirsch 2020, pp. 208–209.
15. Pike 2003, p.  340, fn 40.
16. Hirsch 2020, pp. 209–210.
17. "Prof. Leo van der Essen at Nuremberg Trial - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". collections.ushmm.org. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
18. Priemel 2016, p. 115.
19. Hirsch 2020, pp. 221–222.
20. Hirsch 2020, p. 223.
21. Hirsch 2020, p. 224.
22. Hirsch 2020, p. 233.
23. Hirsch 2020, p. 236.
24. Hirsch 2020, pp. 236–237.
25. Priemel 2016, p. 119.
26. Hirsch 2020, p. 237.
27. Finder, Gabriel N.; Prusin, Alexander V. (2018-01-01). Justice Behind the Iron Curtain: Nazis on Trial in Communist Poland. University of Toronto Press. pp. 76–79. ISBN   978-1-4875-2268-1.
28. Hirsch 2020, pp. 238–239.
29. Hirsch 2020, p. 239.
30. Hirsch 2020, pp. 159–160, 239–240.

Works cited

• Douglas, Lawrence (2001). The Memory of Judgment: Making Law and History in the Trials of the Holocaust. Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-300-10984-9.
• Hirsch, Francine (2020). Soviet Judgment at Nuremberg: A New History of the International Military Tribunal after World War II. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-937795-4.
• Pike, David Wingeate (2003). Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, Horror on the Danube. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-58713-1.
• Priemel, Kim Christian (2016). The Betrayal: The Nuremberg Trials and German Divergence. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-256374-3.
• Neave, Airey (1946). Colonel Neave Report: Final Report on the Evidence of Witnesses for the Defense of Organizations Alleged to be Criminal, Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 42 ^[1]

• Tusa, Ann; Tusa, John (2010) [1983]. The Nuremberg Trial. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN   978-1-62087-943-6.

1. "The Avalon Project : Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 42". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-23.