Ljiljan was a Bosnian weekly news-political and cultural news magazine. It is named after the golden Bosnian lily, which is considered the national symbol of the Bosniak people. It was founded by the Party of Democratic Action (SDA) (Bosnian: Stranka demokratske akcije) in 1990 as a successor to Muslimanski Glas (Muslims' Voice), the official bulletin of the party. With the name change it obtained a formal editorial independence, though it still reflected conservative Bosniak political positions, close to the SDA party.[1] For instance, figures connected to Ljiljan have been known to oppose mixed marriages between Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs,[3] deeming them an imposition from the Socialist times.[4][5] It was published in Sarajevo and distributed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and abroad.[1] In 1996 its circulation was 60,000 copies, of which 85% abroad.[2]
In a 1998 study, Ljiljan was found to proactively employ Turkish, Arabic, and Persianloanwords over Slavic equivalents as a symbolic affirmation of Islamic identity.[6] In a similar 2002 study, the magazine was also found, along with Dnevni avaz, which also has a Bosniak nationalist orientation, to favour a conservative approach to linguistic standards of the Bosnian language rather than liberally employing terms which are considered "Serbian" or "Croatian."[7]
↑ Sadowski, Yahya M. (1995). "Bosnia's Muslims: A Fundamentalist Threat?". The Brookings Review. 13 (1): 15. doi:10.2307/20080522. ISSN0745-1253. JSTOR20080522. Pluralists now dominate both the leadership of the SDA and the Bosnian government. But if the war and the occupation and the terror continue, Bosniak nationalism may make a comeback. Prominent members of the SDA are still campaigning for this option. Enes Karić, Minister of Culture, has tried to forbid Sarajevo radio stations from playing songs written by Serbs. Džemaludin Latić, editor of the SDA weekly Ljiljan, advocates a ban on mixed marriages.
↑ Helms, Elissa (2008). "East and West Kiss: Gender, Orientalism, and Balkanism in Muslim-Majority Bosnia-Herzegovina". Slavic Review. 67 (1): 99–100. doi:10.2307/27652770. ISSN0037-6779. JSTOR27652770. S2CID163173499. During the war, Džemaludin Latić, a prominent pan-Islamist, wrote a series of articles in the Bosniac nationalist magazine Ljiljan warning of the dangers of "mixed marriages" between Muslims and non-Muslims. He accused those who praised this practice of seeking to mould Bosniacs into "a sad copy of European Satanism," thereby leading the nation into "total spiritual capitulation." Proponents of mixed marriage were characterized as "secularized and Eurocentric" old communists who have forgotten "the neighborhood with Mother and the mosque in the center" from which they came. Europe thus represented a rejection of religion, morality, and tradition, in short, of the essence of Bosniac identity, symbolized by the "mother" as the guardian of the family and spiritual purity.
Bosnian, sometimes referred to as Bosniak language, is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by ethnic Bosniaks. Bosnian is one of three such varieties considered official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with Croatian and Serbian. It is also an officially recognized minority language in Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Kosovo.
The Party of Democratic Action is a Bosniak nationalist, conservative political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Hasan Čengić was a Bosniak politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister and Deputy Defence Minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the Bosnian War, Čengić was the main fundraiser and weapons buyer for Alija Izetbegović's administration.
Muslims is a designation for the ethnoreligious group of Serbo-Croatian-speaking Muslims of Slavic heritage, inhabiting mostly the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The term, adopted in the 1971 Constitution of Yugoslavia, groups together several distinct South Slavic communities of Islamic ethnocultural tradition. Before 1993, a vast majority of present-day Bosniaks self-identified as ethnic Muslims, along with some smaller groups of different ethnicities, such as Gorani and Torbeši. This designation did not include Yugoslav non-Slavic Muslims, such as Albanians, Turks and some Romani people.
Islam is the most widespread religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was introduced to the local population in the 15th and 16th centuries as a result of the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly referred to as Socialist Bosnia or simply Bosnia, was one of the six constituent federal states forming the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It was a predecessor of the modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, existing between 1945 and 1992, under a number of different formal names, including Democratic Bosnia and Herzegovina (1943–1946) and People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1946–1963).
Fikret Abdić, also known as Babo, is a Bosnian politician and businessman who first rose to prominence in the 1980s for his role in turning the Velika Kladuša-based agriculture company Agrokomerc into one of the biggest conglomerates in SFR Yugoslavia. He won the popular vote in the Bosnian presidential elections of 1990.
After the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers during World War II, all of Bosnia was ceded to the newly created Independent State of Croatia. Axis rule in Bosnia led to widespread persecution and mass-killings of native undesirables and anti-fascists. Many Serbs themselves took up arms and joined the Partisans and Chetniks, a Serb nationalist and royalist resistance movement that conducted ineffective guerrilla warfare against the occupying Nazi forces. On 12 October 1941 a group of 108 notable Muslim citizens of Sarajevo signed the Resolution of Sarajevo Muslims by which they condemned the persecution of Serbs organized by Ustaše, made distinction between Muslims who participated in such persecutions and whole Muslim population, presented information about the persecutions of Muslims by Serbs and requested security for all citizens of the country, regardless of their identity.
The Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak is a political party in Serbia, representing the Bosniak ethnic minority concentrated in Sandžak region.
Bosniak nationalism or Bosniakdom is the nationalism that asserts the nationality of Bosniaks and promotes the cultural unity of the Bosniaks. It should not be confused with Bosnian nationalism, often referred to as Bosniandom, as Bosniaks are treated as a constituent people by the preamble of Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, whereas people who identify as Bosnians for nationality are not. Bosniaks were formerly called Muslims in census data but this model was last used in the 1991 census.
Bakir Izetbegović is a Bosnian politician who served as the 6th Bosniak member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2010 to 2018. He is the current president of the Party of Democratic Action (SDA).
The Bosniaks are a South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia, which is today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who share a common Bosnian ancestry, culture, history and language. They primarily live in Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo as well as in Austria, Germany, Turkey and Sweden. They also constitute a significant diaspora with several communities across Europe, the Americas and Oceania.
Bosnians are people native to the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially the region of Bosnia. As a common demonym, the term Bosnians refers to all inhabitants/citizens of the country, regardless of any ethnic, cultural or religious affiliation. It can also be used as a designation for anyone who is descended from the region of Bosnia. Also, a Bosnian can be anyone who holds citizenship of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina and thus is largely synonymous with the all-encompassing national demonym Bosnians and Herzegovinians.
Ethnic cleansing occurred during the Bosnian War (1992–95) as large numbers of Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks) and Bosnian Croats were forced to flee their homes or were expelled by the Army of Republika Srpska and Serb paramilitaries. Bosniaks and Bosnian Serbs had also been forced to flee or were expelled by Bosnian Croat forces, though on a restricted scale and in lesser numbers. The UN Security Council Final Report (1994) states while Bosniaks also engaged in "grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and other violations of international humanitarian law", they "have not engaged in "systematic ethnic cleansing"". According to the report, "there is no factual basis for arguing that there is a 'moral equivalence' between the warring factions".
Anti-Croat sentiment or Croatophobia is discrimination or prejudice against Croats as an ethnic group, also consisting of negative feelings towards Croatia as a country.
Serb Muslims or Serb Mohammedans, also referred to as Čitaci, are ethnic Serbs who are Muslims by their religious affiliation.
Around 2:30 p.m. on Sunday, 1 March 1992, a Serb wedding procession in Sarajevo's old Muslim quarter of Baščaršija was attacked, resulting in the death of the father of the groom, Nikola Gardović, and the wounding of a Serbian Orthodox priest. The attack took place on the last day of a controversial referendum on Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence from Yugoslavia, in the early stages of the breakup of Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Wars.
The name of Bosnia is commonly used in English language as an exonym Bosnia, representing the South Slavic common endonym Bosna. The name was first recorded during the 10th century, in the Greek form Βόσονα, designating the region. In following centuries, the name was used as a designation for a Bosnian medieval state. After the Ottoman conquest in 1463, the name continued to be used as a designation for the Sanjak and Eyalet of Bosnia. After the Austro-Hungarian occupation in 1878, the region of Bosnia was reorganized and the name of its region of Herzegovina incorporated into the dual name of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bosniakisation designates the process of ethnic and cultural assimilation of non-Bosniak individuals or groups into the Bosniak ethnocultural corpus. Historically, bosniakisation was directed mainly towards some other South Slavic groups, like ethnic Muslims (Muslimani) in former Yugoslavia. Since Bosniaks are Sunni Muslims, Bosniakisation was also manifested towards some distinctive ethnoreligious minorities within Serbian and Croatian national corpus, mainly towards Serbian Muslims and Croatian Muslims.
The Intra-Bosnian Muslim War was a civil war fought between the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina loyal to central government of Alija Izetbegović in Sarajevo and the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia loyal to Fikret Abdić in Velika Kladuša from 1993 to 1995. The war ended in victory of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the abolishment of Western Bosnia.
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