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The Apalachee were an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands,specifically an Indigenous people of Florida,who lived in the Florida Panhandle until the early 18th century. They lived between the Aucilla River and Ochlockonee River,at the head of Apalachee Bay,an area known as the Apalachee Province. They spoke a Muskogean language called Apalachee,which is now extinct.
Mission San Luis de Apalachee was a Spanish Franciscan mission built in 1656 in the Florida Panhandle,two miles west of the present-day Florida Capitol Building in Tallahassee,Florida. It was located in the descendent settlement of Anhaica capital of Apalachee Province. The mission was part of Spain's effort to colonize the Florida Peninsula and to convert the Timucuan and Apalachee Indians to Christianity. The mission lasted until 1704 when it was evacuated and destroyed to prevent its use by an approaching militia of Creek Indians and South Carolinians.
Beginning in the second half of the 16th century,the Kingdom of Spain established a number of missions throughout La Florida in order to convert the Native Americans to Christianity,to facilitate control of the area,and to prevent its colonization by other countries,in particular,England and France. Spanish Florida originally included much of what is now the Southeastern United States,although Spain never exercised long-term effective control over more than the northern part of what is now the State of Florida from present-day St. Augustine to the area around Tallahassee,southeastern Georgia,and some coastal settlements,such as Pensacola,Florida. A few short-lived missions were established in other locations,including Mission Santa Elena in present-day South Carolina,around the Florida peninsula,and in the interior of Georgia and Alabama.
Acuera was the name of both an indigenous town and a province or region in central Florida during the 16th and 17th centuries. The indigenous people of Acuera spoke a dialect of the Timucua language. In 1539 the town first encountered Europeans when it was raided by soldiers of Hernando de Soto's expedition. French colonists also knew this town during their brief tenure (1564–1565) in northern Florida.
The Timucua were a Native American people who lived in Northeast and North Central Florida and southeast Georgia. They were the largest indigenous group in that area and consisted of about 35 chiefdoms,many leading thousands of people. The various groups of Timucua spoke several dialects of the Timucua language. At the time of European contact,Timucuan speakers occupied about 19,200 square miles (50,000 km2) in the present-day states of Florida and Georgia,with an estimated population of 200,000. Milanich notes that the population density calculated from those figures,10.4 per square mile (4.0/km2) is close to the population densities calculated by other authors for the Bahamas and for Hispaniola at the time of first European contact. The territory occupied by Timucua speakers stretched from the Altamaha River and Cumberland Island in present-day Georgia as far south as Lake George in central Florida,and from the Atlantic Ocean west to the Aucilla River in the Florida Panhandle,though it reached the Gulf of Mexico at no more than a couple of points.
The indigenous peoples of Florida lived in what is now known as Florida for more than 12,000 years before the time of first contact with Europeans. However,the indigenous Floridians living east of the Apalachicola River had largely died out by the early 18th century. Some Apalachees migrated to Louisiana,where their descendants now live;some were taken to Cuba and Mexico by the Spanish in the 18th century,and a few may have been absorbed into the Seminole and Miccosukee tribes.
The Yustaga were a Timucua people of what is now northwestern Florida during the 16th and 17th centuries. The westernmost Timucua group,they lived between the Aucilla and Suwannee Rivers in the Florida Panhandle,just east of the Apalachee people. A dominant force in regional tribal politics,they may have been organized as a loose regional chiefdom consisting of up to eight smaller local chiefdoms.
Benito Ruíz de Salazar Vallecilla was twice governor of Spanish Florida,from 1645 to 1646 and from 1648 to 1651.
Luis Benedit y Horruytiner was a Spanish colonial administrator who held office as governor of Spanish Florida,and viceroy of Sardinia. He was the uncle of Pedro Benedit Horruytiner,who succeeded him as governor of La Florida.
San Buenaventura de Potano was a Spanish mission near Orange Lake in southern Alachua County or northern Marion County,Florida,located on the site where the town of Potano had been located when it was visited by Hernando de Soto in 1539. The Richardson/UF Village Site (8AL100),in southern Alachua County,has been proposed as the location of the town and mission.
Diego de Rebolledo y Suárez de Aponte,was the 21st colonial governor of Spanish Florida,in office from June 18,1654 to February 20,1659. He is considered by historians to be one of the more controversial governors of Spanish colonial Florida. Rebolledo showed a marked lack of respect for the status of the Timucua chiefs as hereditary leaders and administrative intermediaries,an attitude that provoked a Timucuan uprising against Spanish rule. Rebolledo was a Knight of the Order of Santiago.
B. Calvin Jones was an American archaeologist and discoverer of historic sites in Florida. He is listed as a Great Floridian.
Francisco Menéndez Márquez y Posada was a royal treasurer and interim co-governor of Spanish Florida,and the founder of a cattle ranching enterprise that became the largest in Florida.
Juan Fernández de Olivera was the governor of Spanish Florida from 1610 to November 23,1612. He died in office.
Juan de Salinas was the governor of Spanish Florida from August 2,1618 - October 28,1624.
Damián de Vega Castro y Pardo was the governor of the Spanish province of La Florida from November 26,1638 to April 10,1645.
Eugenio de Espinosa was a Spanish soldier who served with Nicolás Ponce de León as interim co-governor of Spanish Florida from September 21,1631 to July 29,1633.
Alonso de Pastrana was a cacique who served as lieutenant governor of Spanish Florida for two one-year terms. The first commenced on November 8,1622,under Juan de Salinas,and the second on August 17,1627,under Luis de Rojas y Borja. In 1657,Pastrana was cacique in Arapaja and Santa Fe.
Juanillo was a chief of the Native American Tolomato people in the Guale chiefdom,in what is now Georgia. In September 1597,Juanillo led the so-called Gualean Revolt,or Juanillo's Revolt,against the cultural oppression of the indigenous population in Florida by the Spanish authorities and the Franciscan missionaries. This was the first and longest-lasting Guale rebellion in La Florida,and ended with the execution of Juanillo by a group of Native American allies of the Spanish,led by Chief Asao.
Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato was a Spanish Catholic mission founded in 1595 in what is now the state of Georgia,located north of the lands of the southernmost Native American Guale chiefdom,Asao-Talaxe. According to historian John Tate Lanning,it was located originally at Pease Creek in McIntosh County,in an area later called "The Thicket" or "Mansfield Place",five miles northeast of Darien. Between the 17th and 18th centuries,the mission was re-established in several places. It was first destroyed in 1597 during the Native American uprising known as Juanillo's Revolt,and rebuilt in 1605 at the Native American village,Espogache. In the mid-1620s a new Tolomato mission was built at Guana near the capital of Florida,St. Augustine. After the destruction of the Guana mission in 1702 by James Moore,the Governor of South Carolina,and Colonel Robert Daniels,another mission was established in Guale.
References
- 1 2 Ben Cahoon. U.S. States F-K.
- ↑ "Rojas y Borja, Luis de".
- ↑ Amy Turner Bushnell (1987). Situado and Sabana: Spain´s Support System for the Presidio and Mission Provinces of Florida. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of American History. Vol. 68. University of Georgia Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-8203-1712-0.
- ↑ Jerald T. Milanich (14 August 1996). Timucua. VNR AG. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-55786-488-8.
- ↑ John E. Worth (1998). The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida: Resistance and destruction. University Press of Florida. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8130-1575-0.
- 1 2 Worth 1998, p. 31
- 1 2 Jordi Gibert Arce (2011). "La conquista española de América y el Pacífico: Siglo XVII: Crisis y afianzamiento". Cronología Histórica (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 11, 2015.
- ↑ John Logan Allen (1997). North American Exploration. University of Nebraska Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-8032-1023-X.
- ↑ Chester B. DePratter (1994). "The Chiefdom of Cofitachequi". In Charles M. Hudson and Carmen Chaves Tesser (ed.). The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521-1704. University of Georgia Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-8203-1654-3.
- ↑ Henry Charles Lea (10 June 2010). The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies: Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Milan, the Canaries, Mexico, Peru, New Granada. Cambridge University Press. p. 458. ISBN 978-1-108-01458-8.