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The concepts of fluid intelligence (gf) and crystallized intelligence (gc) were introduced in 1963 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell. According to Cattell's psychometrically-based theory,general intelligence (g) is subdivided into gf and gc. Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve novel reasoning problems and is correlated with a number of important skills such as comprehension,problem-solving,and learning. Crystallized intelligence,on the other hand,involves the ability to deduce secondary relational abstractions by applying previously learned primary relational abstractions.
Endel Tulving is an Estonian-born Canadian experimental psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist. In his research on human memory he proposed the distinction between semantic and episodic memory. Tulving is a professor emeritus at the University of Toronto. He joined the Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Health Sciences in 1992 as the first Anne and Max Tanenbaum Chair in Cognitive Neuroscience and remained there until his retirement in 2010. In 2006,he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada,Canada's highest civilian honour.
Bilingualism,a subset of multilingualism,means having proficiency in two or more languages. A bilingual individual is traditionally defined as someone who understands and produces two or more languages on a regular basis. A bilingual individual's initial exposure to both languages may start in early childhood,e.g. before age 3,but exposure may also begin later in life,in monolingual or bilingual education. Equal proficiency in a bilingual individuals' languages is rarely seen as it typically varies by domain. For example,a bilingual individual may have greater proficiency for work-related terms in one language,and family-related terms in another language.
Age-related memory loss,sometimes described as "normal aging",is qualitatively different from memory loss associated with types of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease,and is believed to have a different brain mechanism.
In psychology,memory inhibition is the ability not to remember irrelevant information. The scientific concept of memory inhibition should not be confused with everyday uses of the word "inhibition". Scientifically speaking,memory inhibition is a type of cognitive inhibition,which is the stopping or overriding of a mental process,in whole or in part,with or without intention.
In psychology and neuroscience,memory span is the longest list of items that a person can repeat back in correct order immediately after presentation on 50% of all trials. Items may include words,numbers,or letters. The task is known as digit span when numbers are used. Memory span is a common measure of working memory and short-term memory. It is also a component of cognitive ability tests such as the WAIS. Backward memory span is a more challenging variation which involves recalling items in reverse order.
Robert Allen Bjork is Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of California,Los Angeles. His research focuses on human learning and memory and on the implications of the science of learning for instruction and training. He is the creator of the directed forgetting paradigm. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2022.
Fergus Ian Muirden Craik FRS is a cognitive psychologist known for his research on levels of processing in memory. This work was done in collaboration with Robert Lockhart at the University of Toronto in 1972 and continued with another collaborative effort with Endel Tulving in 1975. Craik has received numerous awards and is considered a leader in the area of memory,attention and cognitive aging. Moreover,his work over the years can be seen in developmental psychology,aging and memory,and the neuropsychology of memory.
Richard Shiffrin is an American psychologist,professor of cognitive science in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University,Bloomington. Shiffrin has contributed a number of theories of attention and memory to the field of psychology. He co-authored the Atkinson–Shiffrin model of memory in 1968 with Richard Atkinson,who was his academic adviser at the time. In 1977,he published a theory of attention with Walter Schneider. With Jeroen G.W. Raaijmakers in 1980,Shiffrin published the Search of Associative Memory (SAM) model,which has served as the standard model of recall for cognitive psychologists well into the 2000s. He extended the SAM model with the Retrieving Effectively From Memory (REM) model in 1997 with Mark Steyvers.
Judith F. Kroll is a Distinguished Professor of Language Science at University of California,Irvine. She specializes in psycholinguistics,focusing on second language acquisition and bilingual language processing. With Randi Martin and Suparna Rajaram,Kroll co-founded the organization Women in Cognitive Science in 2001. She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS),the American Psychological Association (APA),the Psychonomic Society,the Society of Experimental Psychologists,and the Association for Psychological Science (APS).
Henry L. "Roddy" Roediger III is an American psychology researcher in the area of human learning and memory. He rose to prominence for his work on the psychological aspects of false memories.
Nelson Cowan is the Curators' Distinguished Professor of Psychological Sciences at the University of Missouri. He specializes in working memory,the small amount of information held in mind and used for language processing and various kinds of problem solving. To overcome conceptual difficulties that arise for models of information processing in which different functions occur in separate boxes,Cowan proposed a more organically organized "embedded processes" model. Within it,representations held in working memory comprise an activated subset of the representations held in long-term memory,with a smaller subset held in a more integrated form in the current focus of attention. Other work has been on the developmental growth of working memory capacity and the scientific method. His work,funded by the National Institutes of Health since 1984,has been cited over 41,000 times according to Google Scholar. The work has resulted in over 250 peer-reviewed articles,over 60 book chapters,2 sole-authored books,and 4 edited volumes.
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human intelligence:
Cognitive inhibition refers to the mind's ability to tune out stimuli that are irrelevant to the task/process at hand or to the mind's current state. Cognitive inhibition can be done either in whole or in part,intentionally or otherwise. Cognitive inhibition in particular can be observed in many instances throughout specific areas of cognitive science.
The illusory truth effect is the tendency to believe false information to be correct after repeated exposure. This phenomenon was first identified in a 1977 study at Villanova University and Temple University. When truth is assessed,people rely on whether the information is in line with their understanding or if it feels familiar. The first condition is logical,as people compare new information with what they already know to be true. Repetition makes statements easier to process relative to new,unrepeated statements,leading people to believe that the repeated conclusion is more truthful. The illusory truth effect has also been linked to hindsight bias,in which the recollection of confidence is skewed after the truth has been received.
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Patricia Ann Reuter-Lorenz is an American psychologist who is the Michael I. Posner Collegiate Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of Michigan. Reuter-Lorenz is Chair of the School of Psychology and researches the cognitive mechanisms of attention. She was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
References
- ↑ "Lynn Hasher*". University of Toronto. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - 1 2 "Psychonomic Society - Psychonomics 2020 Keynote Address". www.psychonomic.org. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- ↑ "James McKeen Cattell Fund Fellowship Recipients". Association for Psychological Science - APS. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
- ↑ "John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Lynn Hasher".
- ↑ Richardson, John T. E.; Engle, Randall W.; Hasher, Lynn; Logie, Robert H.; Stoltzfus, Ellen R.; Zacks, Rose T. (1996-07-11). Working Memory and Human Cognition. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195100990.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-510099-0.
- ↑ "Neurotree - Lynn Hasher Family Tree". neurotree.org.
- 1 2 "Hasher Aging & Cognition Lab". www2.psych.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
- ↑ "Blog Archives". Campbell Neurocognitive Aging Lab. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
- ↑ "Symposium in Honour of Lynn Hasher" (PDF). November 17, 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Hasher, Lynn; Goldstein, David; Toppino, Thomas (February 1977). "Frequency and the conference of referential validity". Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 16 (1): 107–112. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80012-1.
- ↑ "Lynn Hasher | Department of Psychology". www.psych.utoronto.ca. 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
- ↑ Biss, Renée K.; Hasher, Lynn (2012). "Happy as a lark: Morning-type younger and older adults are higher in positive affect". Emotion. 12 (3): 437–441. doi:10.1037/a0027071. ISSN 1931-1516. PMC 3399900 . PMID 22309732.
- ↑ Anderson, John A. E.; Campbell, Karen L.; Amer, Tarek; Grady, Cheryl L.; Hasher, Lynn (September 2014). "Timing is everything: Age differences in the cognitive control network are modulated by time of day". Psychology and Aging. 29 (3): 648–657. doi:10.1037/a0037243. ISSN 1939-1498. PMC 4898963 . PMID 24999661.
