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A lexicon is the vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge. In linguistics,a lexicon is a language's inventory of lexemes. The word lexicon derives from Greek word λεξικόν,neuter of λεξικόςmeaning 'of or for words'.
Lexicology is the branch of linguistics that analyzes the lexicon of a specific language. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language that can stand on its own,and is made up of small components called morphemes and even smaller elements known as phonemes,or distinguishing sounds. Lexicology examines every feature of a word –including formation,spelling,origin,usage,and definition.
Semantics is the study of reference,meaning,or truth. The term can be used to refer to subfields of several distinct disciplines,including philosophy,linguistics and computer science.
Semantic properties or meaning properties are those aspects of a linguistic unit,such as a morpheme,word,or sentence,that contribute to the meaning of that unit. Basic semantic properties include being meaningful or meaningless –for example,whether a given word is part of a language's lexicon with a generally understood meaning;polysemy,having multiple,typically related,meanings;ambiguity,having meanings which aren't necessarily related;and anomaly,where the elements of a unit are semantically incompatible with each other,although possibly grammatically sound. Beyond the expression itself,there are higher-level semantic relations that describe the relationship between units:these include synonymy,antonymy,and hyponymy.
The natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) is a linguistic theory that reduces lexicons down to a set of semantic primitives. It is based on the conception of Polish professor Andrzej Bogusławski. The theory was formally developed by Anna Wierzbicka at Warsaw University and later at the Australian National University in the early 1970s,and Cliff Goddard at Australia's Griffith University.
In lexical semantics,opposites are words lying in an inherently incompatible binary relationship. For example,something that is long entails that it is not short. It is referred to as a 'binary' relationship because there are two members in a set of opposites. The relationship between opposites is known as opposition. A member of a pair of opposites can generally be determined by the question What is the opposite of X ?
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Someone who engages in this study is called a linguist. See also the Outline of linguistics,the List of phonetics topics,the List of linguists,and the List of cognitive science topics. Articles related to linguistics include:
Hyponymy and hypernymy are semantic relations between a term belonging in a set that is defined by another term and the latter. In other words,the relationship of a subtype (hyponym) and the supertype. The semantic field of the hyponym is included within that of the hypernym. For example,pigeon,crow,and eagle are all hyponyms of bird,their hypernym.
Lexical semantics,as a subfield of linguistic semantics,is the study of word meanings. It includes the study of how words structure their meaning,how they act in grammar and compositionality,and the relationships between the distinct senses and uses of a word.
Linguistic entailments are entailments which arise in natural language. If a sentence A entails a sentence B,sentence A cannot be true without B being true as well. For instance,the English sentence "Pat is a fluffy cat" entails the sentence "Pat is a cat" since one cannot be a fluffy cat without being a cat. On the other hand,this sentence does not entail "Pat chases mice" since it is possible for a cat to not chase mice.
Conceptual semantics is a framework for semantic analysis developed mainly by Ray Jackendoff in 1976. Its aim is to provide a characterization of the conceptual elements by which a person understands words and sentences,and thus to provide an explanatory semantic representation. Explanatory in this sense refers to the ability of a given linguistic theory to describe how a component of language is acquired by a child.
Charles J. Fillmore was an American linguist and Professor of Linguistics at the University of California,Berkeley. He received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Michigan in 1961. Fillmore spent ten years at Ohio State University and a year as a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University before joining Berkeley's Department of Linguistics in 1971. Fillmore was extremely influential in the areas of syntax and lexical semantics.
In linguistics,semantic analysis is the process of relating syntactic structures,from the levels of phrases,clauses,sentences and paragraphs to the level of the writing as a whole,to their language-independent meanings. It also involves removing features specific to particular linguistic and cultural contexts,to the extent that such a project is possible. The elements of idiom and figurative speech,being cultural,are often also converted into relatively invariant meanings in semantic analysis. Semantics,although related to pragmatics,is distinct in that the former deals with word or sentence choice in any given context,while pragmatics considers the unique or particular meaning derived from context or tone. To reiterate in different terms,semantics is about universally coded meaning,and pragmatics,the meaning encoded in words that is then interpreted by an audience.
A semantic lexicon is a digital dictionary of words labeled with semantic classes so associations can be drawn between words that have not previously been encountered. Semantic lexicons are built upon semantic networks,which represent the semantic relations between words. The difference between a semantic lexicon and a semantic network is that a semantic lexicon has definitions for each word,or a "gloss".
In linguistics,a semantic field is a lexical set of words grouped semantically that refers to a specific subject. The term is also used in anthropology,computational semiotics,and technical exegesis.
Beryl T. "Sue" Atkins was a British lexicographer,specialising in computational lexicography,who pioneered the creation of bilingual dictionaries from corpus data.
Computational lexicology is a branch of computational linguistics,which is concerned with the use of computers in the study of lexicon. It has been more narrowly described by some scholars as the use of computers in the study of machine-readable dictionaries. It is distinguished from computational lexicography,which more properly would be the use of computers in the construction of dictionaries,though some researchers have used computational lexicography as synonymous.
BabelNet is a multilingual lexicalized semantic network and ontology developed at the NLP group of the Sapienza University of Rome. BabelNet was automatically created by linking Wikipedia to the most popular computational lexicon of the English language,WordNet. The integration is done using an automatic mapping and by filling in lexical gaps in resource-poor languages by using statistical machine translation. The result is an encyclopedic dictionary that provides concepts and named entities lexicalized in many languages and connected with large amounts of semantic relations. Additional lexicalizations and definitions are added by linking to free-license wordnets,OmegaWiki,the English Wiktionary,Wikidata,FrameNet,VerbNet and others. Similarly to WordNet,BabelNet groups words in different languages into sets of synonyms,called Babel synsets. For each Babel synset,BabelNet provides short definitions in many languages harvested from both WordNet and Wikipedia.
In linguistics,the syntax–semantics interface is the interaction between syntax and semantics. Its study encompasses phenomena that pertain to both syntax and semantics,with the goal of explaining correlations between form and meaning. Specific topics include scope,binding,and lexical semantic properties such as verbal aspect and nominal individuation,semantic macroroles,and unaccusativity.
Carita Paradis is a Swedish linguist,and Professor of English Language and Linguistics at Lund University.
References
- 1 2 "The Prodigal Tongue by Lynne Murphy — the language of Shakespeare". Financial Times. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
- 1 2 "Opinion: U.S. And U.K. Remain United, Not Divided, By Their Common Language". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
- ↑ "M.Lynne Murphy : University of Sussex". www.sussex.ac.uk.
- ↑ "M. Lynne Murphy". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
- ↑ "Semantic relations and lexicon antonymy synonymy and other paradigms | Semantics and pragmatics". Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ "Key Terms in Semantics". Bloomsbury Publishing.
- ↑ "Lexical meaning | Semantics and pragmatics". Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ "Antonyms english construals constructions and canonicity | Semantics and pragmatics". Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Lyall, Sarah (15 June 2018). "You Say 'To-may-to,' I Say 'To-mah-to'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-01-11– via NYTimes.com.
- ↑ "Lynne Murphy: The Prodigal Tongue review - two nations divided by a common language?". theartsdesk.com. 25 March 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
- 1 2 "Lynne Murphy". National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH).
- ↑ "TEDxSussexUniversity - Lynne Murphy - American and British Politeness" – via www.youtube.com.
- ↑ "BORING VI – SPEAKERS". May 4, 2016.
