The tau proteins are a group of six highly soluble protein isoforms produced by alternative splicing from the gene MAPT. They have roles primarily in maintaining the stability of microtubules in axons and are abundant in the neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), where the cerebral cortex has the highest abundance. They are less common elsewhere but are also expressed at very low levels in CNS astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
In cell biology, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are proteins that interact with the microtubules of the cellular cytoskeleton. MAPs are integral to the stability of the cell and its internal structures and the transport of components within the cell.
Cortactin is a monomeric protein located in the cytoplasm of cells that can be activated by external stimuli to promote polymerization and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, especially the actin cortex around the cellular periphery. It is present in all cell types. When activated, it will recruit Arp2/3 complex proteins to existing actin microfilaments, facilitating and stabilizing nucleation sites for actin branching. Cortactin is important in promoting lamellipodia formation, invadopodia formation, cell migration, and endocytosis.
Microtubule-associated protein 2 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the MAP2 gene.
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CAMK4 gene.
Alpha-actinin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTN1 gene.
Tubulin alpha-1B chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBA1B gene.
PITSLRE serine/threonine-protein kinase CDC2L1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDC2L1 gene.
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CAMK1 gene.
Kinesin-like protein KIF23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIF23 gene.
Chloride intracellular channel 4, also known as CLIC4,p644H1,HuH1, is a eukaryotic gene.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase MARK1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MARK1 gene.
Phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, skeletal muscle isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PHKG1 gene.
Microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1, isoforms 1/2/3/5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MACF1 gene.
Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAP1LC3A gene. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Ensconsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAP7 gene.
Coronin is an actin binding protein which also interacts with microtubules and in some cell types is associated with phagocytosis. Coronin proteins are expressed in a large number of eukaryotic organisms from yeast to humans.
Centrin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CETN1 gene. It belongs to the centrin family of proteins.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 12, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 6 (ERK6) or stress-activated protein kinase 3 (SAPK3), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK12 gene.
Neurotubules are microtubules found in neurons in nervous tissues. Along with neurofilaments and microfilaments, they form the cytoskeleton of neurons. Neurotubules are undivided hollow cylinders that are made up of tubulin protein polymers and arrays parallel to the plasma membrane in neurons. Neurotubules have an outer diameter of about 23 nm and an inner diameter, also known as the central core, of about 12 nm. The wall of the neurotubules is about 5 nm in width. There is a non-opaque clear zone surrounding the neurotubule and it is about 40 nm in diameter. Like microtubules, neurotubules are greatly dynamic and the length of them can be adjusted by polymerization and depolymerization of tubulin.
