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Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses. They are abundant in the genomes of jawed vertebrates, and they comprise up to 5–8% of the human genome. ERVs are a subclass of a type of gene called a transposon, which can be packaged and moved within the genome to serve a vital role in gene expression and in regulation. They are distinguished as retrotransposons, which are Class I elements. Researchers have suggested that retroviruses evolved from a type of transposable gene called a retrotransposon, which includes ERVs; these genes can mutate and instead of moving to another location in the genome they can become exogenous or pathogenic. This means that not all ERVs may have originated as an insertion by a retrovirus but that some may have been the source for the genetic information in the retroviruses they resemble. When integration of viral DNA occurs in the germ-line, it can give rise to an ERV, which can later become fixed in the gene pool of the host population.
Synaptosomal nerve-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) is a t-SNARE protein that is encoded by the SNAP25 gene in humans. SNAP-25 is a component of the trans-SNARE complex, which is proposed to account for the specificity of membrane fusion and to directly execute fusion by forming a tight complex that brings the synaptic vesicle and plasma membranes together.
ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B member 11 also known as ABCB11 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ABCB11 gene.
Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor, also known as parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTH1R gene. PTH1R functions as a receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH) and for parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), also called parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH).
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1F, also known as HTR1F is a 5-HT1 receptor protein and also denotes the human gene encoding it.
Probable G-protein coupled receptor 85 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR85 gene.
Olfactory receptor 1D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OR1D2 gene.
Transcriptional regulator Kaiso is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZBTB33 gene. This gene encodes a transcriptional regulator with bimodal DNA-binding specificity, which binds to methylated CGCG and also to the non-methylated consensus KAISO-binding site TCCTGCNA. The protein contains an N-terminal POZ/BTB domain and 3 C-terminal zinc finger motifs. It recruits the N-CoR repressor complex to promote histone deacetylation and the formation of repressive chromatin structures in target gene promoters. It may contribute to the repression of target genes of the Wnt signaling pathway, and may also activate transcription of a subset of target genes by the recruitment of catenin delta-2 (CTNND2). Its interaction with catenin delta-1 (CTNND1) inhibits binding to both methylated and non-methylated DNA. It also interacts directly with the nuclear import receptor Importin-α2, which may mediate nuclear import of this protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified.
Brevican core protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCAN gene. Brevican is a member of the lectican protein family.
AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 2 (ARID2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARID2 gene.
Protein O-mannosyl-transferase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POMT2 gene.
Interleukin-23 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor. IL23R is the name of its human gene.
P2X purinoceptor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX6 gene.
Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast), also known as TOMM40, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TOMM40 gene.
Rs6265, also called Val66Met or G196A, is a gene variation, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the BDNF gene that codes for the so-called brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 2, also known as ITPR2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ITPR2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is both a receptor for inositol triphosphate and a calcium channel.
Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 also known as PLEKHM1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEKHM1 gene.
Cadherin 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH10 gene.
Zinc finger, DHHC-type containing 14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZDHHC14 gene.
References
- ↑ "MDGA2 Gene — GeneCards". Weizmann Institute of Science. 2008-09-08.
- ↑ "Rat Genome Database: Mdga2 ( Rattus norvegicus )". Medical College of Wisconsin. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
- ↑ Litwack ED, Babey R, Buser R, Gesemann M, O'Leary DD (February 2004). "Identification and characterization of two novel brain-derived immunoglobulin superfamily members with a unique structural organization". Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience . 25 (2): 263–264. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2003.10.016. PMID 15019943.
- ↑ "SNP linked to Gene MDGA2". NCBI.
- ↑ van den Oord EJ, Kuo PH, Hartmann AM, Webb BT, Möller HJ, Hettema JM, Giegling I, Bukszár J, Rujescu D (September 2008). "18762592". Archives of General Psychiatry . 65 (9): 1062–1071. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.9.1062. PMID 18762592.
- ↑ Hettema, John M.; Oord, Edwin J.C.G. van den; An, Seon-Sook; Kendler, Kenneth S.; Chen, Xiangning (2009). "Follow-up association study of novel neuroticism gene MAMDC1". Psychiatric Genetics. 19 (4): 213–214. doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e32832cec22. PMC 2844892 . PMID 19440164.