Ma'danid dynasty

This article is about the medieval dynasty. For the ethnic group, see Madan (people).

Not to be confused with Makran (princely state).

Makran Sultanate
10th century–11th century
South Asia 1000 CE KARAKHANID KHANATE KHOTAN GHAZNAVID EMPIRE MULTAN EMIRATE PALA EMPIRE KAMARUPA HINDU SHAHIS MARYUL UTPA- LAS GUHILAS CHUDA- SAMAS HABBARID EMIRATE CHAHAMANAS TOMARAS MAKRAN SULTANATE PARAMARAS SHILA- HARAS WESTERN CHALUKYAS EASTERN CHALUKYAS CHOLAS KADAMBAS CHANDELAS KALACHURIS SOMAVAMSHIS KALINGAS GUGE Makran located on the south of Ghaznavid Empire [1]
Status	Largely autonomous Emirate under the Saffarids, Buyids and then Ghaznavids
Capital	Kech
Common languages	Arabic (Official)
Religion	Islam
Mahraj
• Until 1025/26 CE	Ma'adan ibn Ali (First known)
• 1031–1058 CE	Abu'l -'Askar Husayn (last)
Historical era	Early Medieval period
• Established	10th century
• Disestablished	11th century
Preceded by Abbasid Caliphate
Today part of	Pakistan

The Ma'danid dynasty was a medieval Islamic dynasty that ruled the Sultanate of Makran. It ruled Makran from the late 9th or early 10th century ^[2] until around the 11th century. ^[3]

History

Makran had been one of the easternmost provinces of the Caliphate after its conquest by the Muslims in 644. In the 9th century, especially after the Abbasid dynasty's hold on the frontier provinces of the Caliphate began to weaken, Makran had been overrun by Kharijites. According to the historian Mas'ūdī the Kharijites were still a significant force in Makran by the time the Ma'danids took control there. ^[2]

By the early 10th century, the Banu Ma'dan had risen to power in Makran. Ibn Haukal does not mention their origins. ^[4] Ma'danids used the Sanskrit title of Mahraj. ^[5] They established their capital at Kiz or Kij, and although seldom playing a major role in regional affairs, Ma'danids were able to maintain their authority in Makran for at least a century and a half. At some point the Ma'danids became tributary to the Saffarid dynasty of Sistan. In 907/908 the Saffarid prince Al-Laith invaded Makran after 'Isa had gone into arrears on the required payments, and was able to compel the Ma'danid to give three years' worth of tribute. ^[6]

Payments to the Saffarids lasted until the mid-10th century at the latest. In 971 the Buyid amir 'Adud al-Daula, who had recently conquered the bordering province of Kerman from the Banu Ilyas, compelled the Ma'danids to recognize Buyid suzerainty. Soon after this, however, the Ma'danids switched their loyalties to the Turkish ruler of Ghazni, Sabuktigin, beginning nearly a century of allegiance to the Ghaznavid dynasty. ^[7]

Further information: Ghaznavid campaigns in Persia

In the early 11th century the ruler of Makran was Ma'dan. After Ma'dan's death in 1025/1026 a succession dispute broke out among his two sons, 'Isa and Abu'l-'Askar Husayn. The Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud (r. 998–1030) negotiated a settlement between the brothers, but it broke down when 'Isa rebelled against the Ghaznavids in 1029. Two years later Mahmud's son Mas'ud sent an army which killed 'Isa and installed Abu'l-'Askar Husayn in his place. ^[8] The latter ruled Makran until after 1058 and was known as a man of learning. Some time after his death the power of the Ma'danids came to an end, presumably in the late 11th or 12th century.^{[ citation needed ]}

See also

• History of Balochistan
• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

Notes

1. Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 21, 147. ISBN   0226742210. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
2. Bosworth 1994 , p. 256
3. Baloch & Rafiqi 1999 , p. 297
4. Takhri, Ibrahim Ibn Mu Hammad I. S. (18 April 2018). Kitab Masalik Wa-mamalik Tasnif Ibn Hawqal. Creative Media Partners, LLC. pp. 152–154. ISBN   978-1-379-60408-2.
5. Baloch & Rafiqi 1999 , p. 296; Bosworth 1994 , p. 256
6. Bosworth 1994 , pp. 256–57
7. Baloch & Rafiqi 1999 , p. 296; Bosworth 1975 , p. 173
8. Baloch & Rafiqi 1999 , p. 297; Bosworth 1975 , p. 173

References

• Baloch, N. A.; Rafiqi, A. Q. (1999). "The regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir: the historical, social, and economic setting". In Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4, Part 1. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN   978-92-3-103654-5.
• Bosworth, C.E (26 June 1975). "The Early Ghaznavids". In R. N., Frye (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: The Period From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-20093-6.
• Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1994). The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz: (247/861 to 949/1542-3). Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. ISBN   978-1-56859-015-8.