The nuclear program of Iran is an ongoing scientific effort by Iran to research nuclear technology that can be used to make nuclear weapons. Iran has several research sites,two uranium mines,a research reactor,and uranium processing facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants.
The relations between Iran and Israel can be divided into four major phases:the ambivalent period from 1947 to 1953,the friendly period during the era of the Pahlavi dynasty from 1953 to 1979,the worsening period following the Iranian Revolution from 1979 to 1990,and the ongoing period of open hostility since the end of the Gulf War in 1991. In 1947,Iran was among 13 countries that voted against the United Nations Partition Plan for the British Mandate of Palestine. Two years later,Iran also voted against Israel's admission to the United Nations.
Mohammad Javad Zarif Khansari is an Iranian career diplomat and academic. He was the foreign minister of Iran from 2013 until 2021 in the government of Hassan Rouhani. During his tenure as foreign minister,he led the Iranian negotiation with P5+1 countries which produced the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on 14 July 2015,lifting the economic sanctions against Iran on 16 January 2016. On 25 February 2019,Zarif resigned from his post as foreign minister. His resignation was rejected by Ali Khamenei and he continued as foreign minister.
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad,born Mahmoud Sabbaghian,is an Iranian principlist and nationalist politician who served as the sixth president of Iran from 2005 to 2013. He is currently a member of the Expediency Discernment Council. He was known for his hardline views and nuclearisation of Iran. He was also the main political leader of the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran,a coalition of conservative political groups in the country,and served as mayor of Tehran from 2003 to 2005,reversing many of his predecessor's reforms.
Pirouz Mojtahedzadeh is an Iranian political scientist and historian. He is a prominent Iranologist,geopolitics researcher,historian and political scientist. He teaches geopolitics at the Tarbiat Modares University of Tehran. He has been the advisor of the United Nations University. Mojtahedzadeh has published more than 20 books in Persian,English and Arabic on the geopolitics of Persian Gulf region and modern discourses in international relations. Since 2004,he has been a member of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature. He has been a member of the British Institute of Iranian Studies since 1993. Mojtahedzadeh earned a Ph.D. in political geography from the University of London in 1993 and a Ph.D. in political geography from the University of Oxford in 1979.
Masoud Alimohammadi was an Iranian quantum field theorist and elementary-particle physicist and a distinguished professor of elementary particle physics at the University of Tehran's Department of Physics. Alimohammadi was the first PhD graduate student in physics of the Sharif University of Technology. He published some 53 articles and letters in peer-reviewed academic journals and wrote and translated several physics textbooks,including Modern Quantum Mechanics,revised edition,by J. J. Sakurai,which he translated from English into Persian in collaboration with Hamidreza Moshfegh.
Hassan Rouhani is an Iranian Islamist politician who served as the seventh president of Iran from 2013 to 2021. He is also a sharia lawyer ("Wakil"),academic,former diplomat and Islamic cleric. He has been a member of Iran's Assembly of Experts since 1999. He was a member of the Expediency Council from 1991 to 2021,and also was a member of the Supreme National Security Council from 1989 to 2021. Rouhani was deputy speaker of the fourth and fifth terms of the Parliament of Iran (Majlis) and Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council from 1989 to 2005. In the latter capacity,he was the country's top negotiator with the EU three,UK,France,and Germany,on nuclear technology in Iran,and has also served as a Shia mujtahid,and economic trade negotiator.
The Iran–Israel proxy conflict,also known as the Iran–Israel proxy war or Iran–Israel Cold War,is an ongoing proxy war between Iran and Israel. The conflict involves threats and hostility by Iran's leaders against Israel,and their declared objective to dissolve the Jewish state on the basis of,or not on the basis of anti-semitic rhetoric and reasoning.
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action,commonly known as the Iran nuclear deal or Iran deal,is an agreement on the Iranian nuclear program reached in Vienna on 14 July 2015,between Iran and the P5+1 together with the European Union.
The Iran nuclear deal framework was a preliminary framework agreement reached in 2015 between the Islamic Republic of Iran and a group of world powers:the P5+1 and the European Union.
This article discusses the negotiations between the P5+1 and Iran that led to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.
Giacomo Luciani is a leading Italian expert on the geopolitics of energy often cited in the media. He is primarily known for his seminal contributions to the theory of the rentier state with Egyptian economist Hazem Al Beblawi.
Alex Vatanka is a senior fellow and the founding director of the Iran program at the Middle East Institute in Washington,D.C. He specializes in Iranian domestic and regional policies. Born in Tehran and also raised in Denmark,he joined the Middle East Institute in 2007. He was formerly an analyst with Jane’s Information Group in London (UK) before moving to Washington D.C. He is also a senior fellow in Middle East Studies at the US Air Force Special Operations School at Hurlburt Field and teaches as an adjunct professor at Wright-Patterson AFB. Alex maintains an official website at https://www.vatanka.com/.
Iran and Saudi Arabia are engaged in an ongoing struggle for influence in the Middle East and other Muslim regions. The two countries have provided varying degrees of support to opposing sides in nearby conflicts,including the civil wars in Syria and Yemen;and disputes in Bahrain,Lebanon,Qatar,and Iraq. It also extends to disputes or broader competition in other countries globally including in West Africa,North and East Africa,South Asia,Central Asia,Southeast Asia,the Balkans,and the Caucasus.
Manufactured Crisis:The Untold Story of the Iran Nuclear Scare is a 2014 book authored by Gareth Porter,an American historian,investigative journalist,author and policy analyst specializing in U.S. national security policy. In this 310-page book,he asserts that Iran's nuclear energy program has been peaceful,arguing that the evidence widely cited to demonstrate Iran's nuclear weapons ambitions is fabricated by Israel and the United States.
Esmaeil Kowsari is an Iranian military officer and conservative politician who was the deputy chief of Tharallah Headquarters,an Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps unit responsible for maintaining security in Tehran. Kowsari was a member of the Parliament of Iran from 2008 to 2016,representing Tehran,Rey,Shemiranat and Eslamshahr.
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action,more commonly known as the Iran nuclear deal,was the international agreement reached on Iran's nuclear program in Vienna in 2015. The deal,made after several years of negotiation,set in place strict guidelines to regulate and oversee the Iranian nuclear program including the reduction of centrifuges,enriched uranium stockpiles,and an agreement to allow regular inspections of nuclear sites,among other aspects. The deal has attracted enormous criticism by certain political and media elements in the United States and Iran as the deal is viewed as conciliatory in nature by some factions in both countries. For example,President Donald J. Trump called the Iran deal,"the worst deal ever negotiated" and United States Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell characterized it as "flawed",while hardliners in Iran have indicated a desire to subvert it. Much of the criticism in the United States has been centered on the issue of appeasement and Iran's compliance,while in Iran many of the criticisms revolve around the issue of sovereignty and non-nuclear restrictions.
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action,known commonly as the Iran nuclear deal or Iran deal,is an agreement on the Iranian nuclear program reached in Vienna on 14 July 2015 between Iran,the P5+1,and the European Union. The nuclear deal received a mixed international reaction,with many countries expressing praise or hope it could achieve the denuclearization of Iran. Some of Iran's neighbouring countries and U.S. lawmakers expressed skepticism about the agreement,seeing it as critically flawed.
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action,commonly known as the Iran nuclear deal or Iran deal,is an agreement on the Iranian nuclear program reached in Vienna on 14 July 2015 between Iran,the P5+1,and the European Union.
Kayhan Barzegar is an Iranian professor of International Relations,political strategist and senior researcher of International affairs. He is the chair of the Department of Political Science and International Relations at the Islamic Azad University,Science and Research Branch,Tehran. Barzegar is known for his works on Iranian foreign policy.
