Mahmud Shah محمود شاه | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sultan of Pahang | |||||||||
Reign | 1519–1530 | ||||||||
Predecessor | Abdul Jamal Shah I | ||||||||
Successor | Muzaffar Shah | ||||||||
Died | 1530 | ||||||||
Spouse | Raja Khadija | ||||||||
Issue | Raja Muzaffar Raja Zainal | ||||||||
| |||||||||
House | Malacca | ||||||||
Father | Muhammad Shah | ||||||||
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Sultan Mahmud Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad Shah (died 1530) was the fifth Sultan of Pahang from 1519 to 1530. He succeeded his grand nephew, Abdul Jamal Shah I upon his death in 1519. [1] His eleven years reign was marked with close relations with his namesake Mahmud Shah, the last Sultan of Malacca, in supporting the latter's struggle against the Portuguese in Malacca, bringing Pahang into a number of armed conflicts with Portugal. [2]
Sultan Mahmud was known as Raja Ahmad before his accession. He was the youngest of the three sons of the first Sultan of Pahang, Muhammad Shah by his wife Mengindra Putri, a princess from Kelantan. [3] His first royal wife was his first cousin Raja Fatimah binti al-Marhum Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah, daughter of the seventh Sultan of Malacca. [4]
Shortly after his accession, Sultan Mahmud visited his namesake cousin, the deposed Sultan of Malacca, Mahmud Shah, who was exiled at Bintan after the conquest of Malacca in 1511. There, he married Raja Khadija, one of the daughters of his cousin. The marriage was designed to strengthen the position of Mahmud Shah of Malacca in his fight against the Portuguese. [4]
From his marriage to an unnamed first wife, Sultan Mahmud had issued two sons, the eldest being Raja Muzaffar, who later succeeded him in 1530 as the next sultan, and the younger Raja Zainal. [5]
At the beginning of his reign in 1519, it was claimed in Os Portugueses em Africa, America e Oceania that a Portuguese ambassador Duarte Coelho had secured an agreement with the Sultan for an annual tribute of a cup of gold, to establish Pahang as a vassal of Portuguese Malacca. However, the agreement was thought to have been nullified shortly afterwards, following the marriage alliance established in the same year between Sultan Mahmud and the deposed Sultan of Malacca, Mahmud Shah of Bintan.
Ignorant of this development, Albuquerque sent three ships to the port of Pahang for provisions, where two of their captains and thirty men were killed. The third captain escaped, but was killed with all his men at Java. [2] Valentyn records that in 1522 a Portuguese fleet under the command of Antonio de Pina and his assistant Bernaldo Drago, who had landed at Pahang port, [6] not knowing that the Sultan there was a son-in-law of Sultan Mahmud of Bintan, were ambushed and killed. The captured survivors were sent to Bintan and forced to embrace Islam, while those who refused were executed by blowing from a gun. [2]
In 1523 Sultan Mahmud Shah of Bintan laid siege to Malacca with Mahmud Shah of Pahang as his ally, and gained a victory over the Portuguese in the Muar River. [1] The Laksamana attacked shipping on the roads of Malacca, burnt one vessel and captured two others. At this crisis, Martim Afonso de Sousa arrived with support, relieved the city, and pursued the Laksamana into Muar. Then he proceeded to Pahang, destroyed all the vessels in the river and killed over six hundred people in retaliation for the assistance given by their ruler to the Sultan Mahmud of Bintan. Some were carried into slavery. A detailed account of Portuguese operations in Pahang during 1522 and 1523 is given by Fernão Lopes de Castanheda. In 1525, Pedro Mascarenhas attacked Bintan and Pahang sent a fleet with two thousand men to help the defenders. The forces arrived at the mouth of the river on the day the bridge was destroyed. Mascarenhas despatched a vessel with Francisco Vasconcellos and others to attack Pahang's forces which quickly fled. After the destruction of Bintan, Sultan Mahmud of Bintan retreated to Kampar where he died in 1528 and was posthumously known as Marhum Kampar. He was succeeded by a son Alauddin Shah II who was fifteen years old, and who later established the Johor Sultanate. [2] [1] The Alauddin Shah II visited Pahang about 1529 and married Raja Kesuma Dewi, the first cousin once removed to Sultan Mahmud of Pahang and daughter of Mansur Shah I. [7]
Sultan Mahmud died in 1530 of unknown cause, and was succeeded by his first son, Raja Muzaffar. He was posthumously styled as Marhum di Hilir ('the late ruler who was buried downstream'). [8]
The Malacca Sultanate was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia. Conventional historical thesis marks c. 1400 as the founding year of the sultanate by King of Singapura, Parameswara, also known as Iskandar Shah, although earlier dates for its founding have been proposed. At the height of the sultanate's power in the 15th century, its capital grew into one of the most important transshipment ports of its time, with territory covering much of the Malay Peninsula, the Riau Islands and a significant portion of the northern coast of Sumatra in present-day Indonesia.
The Johor Sultanate was founded by Sultan of Malacca Mahmud Shah's son, Alauddin Riayat Shah II in 1528.
Sultan Mahmud Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah ruled the Sultanate of Malacca from 1488 to 1511, and again as pretender to the throne from 1513 to 1528. He was son to Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah. As a monarch, he was known to be ruthless ruler. After the capture of Malacca and the downfall of the century long sultanate; Mahmud left for Bintan and became a leader of a small confederacy which led attacks against Portuguese-occupied Malacca in the late 1510s. After retaliation from the Portuguese in 1526, he fled to Riau and died there in 1528.
Hang Nadim was a warrior of the Johor-Riau during the Portuguese occupation of Melaka. Nadim was appointed laksamana (admiral) of Sultan Mahmud Shah's forces that harassed the Portuguese trade colonies from 1511 to 1526. He also appears as a legendary figure in a chapter of the Sejarah Melayu.
Sultan of Pahang is the title of the hereditary constitutional head of Pahang, Malaysia. The current sultan is Al-Sultan Abdullah ibni Sultan Ahmad Shah. He is the Head of Islam in the state and the source of all titles, honours and dignities in the state. Historically, the title was also used by rulers of the Old Pahang Sultanate.
Sultan Muhammad Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Mansur Shah (1455–1475) was the founder of the old Pahang Sultanate and reigned from 1470 to 1475. A former heir apparent to the Malaccan throne, he was banished by his father Mansur Shah for committing murder, following an incident in a Sepak Raga game and went into exile in Pahang and was later installed as its first sultan in 1470.
Sultan Ahmad Shah I ibni Almarhum Sultan Mansur Shah was the second Sultan of Pahang from 1475 to 1495. He succeeded his younger brother, Muhammad Shah as sultan after the latter's death by poisoning in 1475. During his reign, relations between Pahang and its Malaccan overlord, deteriorated greatly, as a result of Sultan Ahmad's resentment towards his half-brother Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah of Malacca. Under Sultan Ahmad's rule, Pahang became increasingly unstable with Sultan Ahmad abdicating around 1495, in favour of his son, Raja Mansur.
Sultan Abdul Jamil Shah I ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad Shah was the third Sultan of Pahang from 1495 to 1512. He was installed by Sultan Mahmud of Malacca in 1495 following the abdication of his uncle, Ahmad Shah I. Earlier, his cousin and son of Ahmad Shah, Mansur Shah succeeded his father at a young age. Abdul Jamil took the responsibility as a regent and exercised greater authority in the government. He reigned jointly with Mansur Shah until his death in 1512.
Sultan Mansur Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Jamil Shah I was the fourth Sultan of Pahang from 1495 to 1519. He succeeded his father, Abdul Jamil Shah I upoin his abdication in 1495, He reigned jointly with his uncle, Sultan Abdul Jalil. He assumed full control after the death of the latter in 1512.
Sultan Muzaffar Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Shah was the sixth Sultan of Pahang from 1530 to 1540. Known as Raja Muzaffar before his ascension, he was the eldest son of the fifth Sultan of Pahang, Mahmud Shah by his first wife, Raja Fatimah binti al-Marhum Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah. He succeeded his father on his death in 1530.
Sultan Zainal Abidin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Shah was the seventh Sultan of Pahang and reigned from 1540 to 1555. He succeeded his elder brother Sultan Muzaffar Shah on his death in 1540.
Sultan Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Kadir Alauddin Shah was the 12th Sultan of Pahang reigning from 1592 to 1614. He was originally appointed as regent for his younger half-brother of a royal mother, Ahmad Shah II after the death of their father, Sultan Abdul Kadir Alauddin Shah in 1590. Two years later he deposed his half-brother and assumed power.
Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah was the 13th Sultan of Pahang reigning from 1614 to 1615. He seized the throne after killing his father, Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah and elder brother, the heir apparent Raja Abdullah. His name was identified with the discovery of a treaty attached with his seal in the Portuguese National Archives in Lisbon.
Paduka Sri Sultan Ibrahim Shah Zilu'llah fil'Alam Khalifat ul-Muminin ibni al-Marhum Yam Tuan Muda Raja Bajau was the Sultan of Johor from the Malacca-Johor Dynasty who reigned from 1677 to 1685. He was the only known son of the Yamtuan Muda of Pahang, Raja Bajau and became Sultan of Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga following the death of his cousin Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III of Johor.
The Pahang Sultanate also referred as the Old Pahang Sultanate, as opposed to the modern Pahang Sultanate, was a Malay Muslim state established in the eastern Malay Peninsula in the 15th century. At the height of its influence, the sultanate was an important power in Southeast Asia and controlled the entire Pahang basin, bordering the Pattani Sultanate to the north and the Johor Sultanate to the south. To the west, its jurisdiction extended over parts of modern-day Selangor and Negeri Sembilan.
The Pahang Kingdom was a Malay state that existed from 1770 to 1881, and is the immediate predecessor of the modern Malaysian state of Pahang. The kingdom came into existence with the consolidation of power by the Bendahara family in Pahang, following the gradual dismemberment of the Johor Empire. Self rule was established in Pahang in the late 18th century, with Tun Abdul Majid declared as the first raja bendahara. The area around Pahang formed a part of the hereditary domains attached to this title and administered directly by the raja bendahara. The weakening of the Johor Sultanate and the disputed succession to the throne was coupled by the increasing independence of the Bendahara in Pahang, the Temenggong in Johor and Singapore, and the Yamtuan Muda in Riau.
The Bendahara dynasty is the current ruling dynasty of Pahang, Terengganu and Johor – constituent states of Malaysia. The royal house were of noble origin, holding the hereditary position of bendahara in the courts of Singapura, Malacca and Old Johor since at least from the end of the 13th century.
Paduka Sri Sultan Muzaffar Shah I ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Shah (1505–1549) was the first Sultan of Perak from 1528 to 1549.
The Battle of Muar River took place in 1523 between the allied Malaccan-Pahang navy and the Portuguese navy. The battle ended in favor of the Malayans, as they defeated the Portuguese in the Muar River.
Malay–Portuguese conflicts were military engagements between the forces of the Portuguese Empire and the various Malay states and dynasties, fought intermittently from 1509 to 1641 in the Malay Peninsula and Strait of Malacca.