Maison Bonfils

Last updated

Maison Bonfils was a French family-run company producing and selling photography and photographic products from Beirut (then in Ottoman Syria, now in Lebanon) from 1867 until 1918, from 1878 on renamed "F. Bonfils et Cie". The Bonfils ran the first and, in their time, most successful photographic studio in the city. Maison Bonfils produced studio portraits, staged biblical scenes, landscapes, and panoramic photographs.

Contents

Studio history

Félix and Lydie Bonfils

Félix Bonfils, a French photographer, married Marie-Lydie Cabanis in 1857. The couple, together with their son Adrien, moved to Beirut in 1867 where they opened a photographic studio called "Maison Bonfils", on what later became rue Georges-Picot. Maison Bonfils produced thousands of photographs of the Middle East. Bonfils worked with both his wife and his son. They photographed landscapes, portraits, posed scenes with subjects dressed up in Middle Eastern regalia, and also stories from the Bible.

Félix Bonfils took photographs in Ottoman Syria (in today's Lebanon, Israel & Palestine, Syria), the Khedivate of Egypt, Greece and Constantinople (now Istanbul), producing the vast majority of his work, while his wife and son were also involved in photography produced by the studio. As few are signed, it is difficult to identify who is responsible for individual photographs. Lydie is thought to have taken some of the studio portraits, especially those of Middle Eastern women, who were more inclined to pose for a female photographer. In 1876, Félix returned to Alès to have compiled collections of their photographs published.

In 1878, when the name of the studio was changed to "F. Bonfils et Cie", Adrien was back in Beirut after completing his studies in France and took more responsibility for photography, including landscape. Félix again travelled to Alès to establish a collotype printing factory in 1880, and died there in 1885.

Lydie & Adrien Bonfils

Adrien remained at the studio until the early 1900s, when he left to open a hotel in Brummana. With the assistance of fellow photographer Abraham Guiragossian, Lydie continued to manage the studio after the departure of Adrien. In 1907, she published a collection of photographs in the "Catalogue général des vues photographiques de l’Orient".

Maison Bonfils was one of the most prolific studios in the Middle East in the late 19th century. After Félix's death, the studio continued to produce photographs by the Bonfils family, first under Adrien's management, then Lydie's, until her death in 1918. Lydie expanded the business, opening studios in Cairo and Alexandria, with connections to a New York agency. The Bonfils also employed an unknown number of assistants. When the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War on the side of the Central Powers, Lydie was evacuated with her family to Cairo, where she later died.

A. Guiragossian

After Lydie Bonfils' death, Guiragossian purchased the company and its archives, henceforth signing his photographs "Lydie Bonfils photographe, Beyrouth (Syrie) successeur A. Guiragossian."

Guiragossian had arrived in Beirut in 1888 and studied there under the photographer Garabed Krikorian. He had become, according to some researchers, a co-owner of the studio and one of its main photographers since 1909. As single owner, starting from 1918, he continued to work both as a photographer, and as a publisher of albums and postcards using the classical old Bonfils images. He ran the business at least until the end of 1932, perhaps even until 1938, which places the Bonfils-Guiragossian photographic company among the longest surviving ones in the area of the former Ottoman Empire. [1]

Felix Bonfils

Félix Bonfils
Felix Bonfils-self portrait.jpg
Bonfils, self-portrait
Born
Félix Adrien Bonfils

(1831-03-08)8 March 1831
Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort, France
Died9 April 1885(1885-04-09) (aged 54)
Alès, France
Occupation(s)Photographer and publisher
Years active1867–
Known forearly Middle East photography
Spouse Marie-Lydie Cabanis (m. 1857)

Félix Adrien Bonfils (8 March 1831 – 1885) was a French photographer and writer who was active in the Middle East. He was one of the first commercial photographers to produce images of the Middle East on a large scale and amongst the first to employ a new method of colour photography, developed in 1880.

Life and career

Bonfils was born in Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort and died in Alès. As a young man he worked as a bookbinder. [2] In 1860, he joined General d'Hautpoul's expedition to the Levant, [3] organised by France following the massacre of Christians in the civil conflict between Christians and Druze in Mount Lebanon and Damascus. On his return to France, it is thought that Bonfils was taught the heliogravure printing process by Abel Niépce de Saint-Victor and opened a printing office in Alès in 1864. [2] [3] Soon after returning from Lebanon, he became a photographer.

In 1857, he married Marie-Lydie Cabanis. When his son, Adrien, fell ill, Bonfils remembered the green hills around Beirut and sent him there to recover, accompanied by his mother. [2] The family moved to Beirut in 1867 where they opened a photographic studio called "Maison Bonfils". [4] [5]

Maison Bonfils produced thousands of photographs of the Middle East. Bonfils worked with both his wife and his son. Their studio became "F. Bonfils et Cie" in 1878. They photographed landscapes, portraits, posed scenes with subjects dressed up in Middle Eastern regalia, and also stories from the Bible. [4] Bonfils took photographs in Lebanon, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Greece and Constantinople (now Istanbul). [5] While Bonfils produced the vast majority of his work, his wife, Lydie, and son Adrien were also involved in photography produced by the studio. As few are signed, it is difficult to identify who is responsible for individual photographs. [3] Lydie is thought to have taken some of the studio portraits, especially those of Middle Eastern women, who were more inclined to pose for a female photographer. [2] Adrien became more involved in the landscape photography at age 17, when Félix returned to Alès to have compiled collections of their photographs published and then to open a collotype printing factory. [6] Félix died in Alès on 9 April 1855.

Bonfils was amongst the first photographers to employ the new technique of Photochrom, a photographic colour printing technique, developed in 1880. [7] Maison Bonfils was one of the most prolific studios in the Middle East in the late 19th-century. [8] After Félix's death, the studio continued to produce photographs by the Bonfils family, first under Adrien's management, then Lydie's, until her death in 1918. [9]

Work

Cover of Souvenirs d'Orient, 1878 by Felix Bonfils Souvenirs d'Orient, 1878 by Felix Bonfils 0000.jpg
Cover of Souvenirs d'Orient, 1878 by Félix Bonfils

After settling in the Near East, Félix Bonfils took some panoramic photographs of Constantinople and Damascus. [10] His work became well known among tourists that travelled to those countries because they bought photographs as souvenirs. In 1872 he published the album Architecture antique (by Ducher press) after presenting some of his pictures to the Société française de photographie. He later re-opened a studio in Alès (France) from which he would publish Souvenirs d'Orient; his best-known work. [2]

Marie-Lydie Cabanis Bonfils

Marie-Lydie Cabanis Bonfils
Marie-Lydie Cabanis Bonfils.jpg
Born21 March 1837
Congénies, France
Died1918
Other namesLydie Bonfils, Lydia Bonfils
Occupation(s)Photographer and publisher
Known forearly Middle East photography
SpouseFélix Adrien Bonfils (m. 1857; died 1885)
Children2

Marie-Lydie Bonfils, née Cabanis, (1837–1918) was the first professional woman photographer in the Middle East. [3] Originally from France, she was active in Lebanon and neighbouring areas of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. Lydie and her husband, Félix Bonfils, established "Maison Bonfils", the first and, at the time, most successful photographic studio in Beirut. [11]

Early and family life

Lydie married Félix Bonfils on 27 August 1857 in Crespian. [12] Their children, Félicité-Sophie and Paul Félix Adrien (known as Adrien), were born in 1858 and 1861 respectively in Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort. Félix was originally a bookbinder but, when France intervened in the 1860 civil war between Christians and Druze in the Middle East, he was a part of the military expedition. Lydie was enamoured by the tales of Lebanon Félix told on his return. [13]

When Adrien became dangerously ill with whooping cough, it was thought that a change in climate would cause him to improve. So, it was decided that Lydie would take Adrien to Beirut to recover, due to Félix's fond memories of Lebanon and Lydie's desire to see the area. [3] The trip was a great success and, in 1867, the whole family moved from France to Beirut. [2]

Career

Once in Beirut, the Bonfils opened a photographic studio, "Maison Bonfils", located on the rue George Picot. Maison Bonfils produced studio portraits, staged biblical scenes, landscapes, and panoramic photographs. [14]

Lydie was heavily involved in administrative duties, which expanded when the business opened studios in Cairo and Alexandria, with connections to a New York agency. [3] She was also involved in preparing the albumen for prints. This involved separating the egg white from the yolk, which could be a lengthy and unpleasant process. According to Adrien's son, Roger Bonfils, when she was boarding the evacuation ship to leave Beirut in 1916, Lydie exclaimed, "I don't want to smell another egg again!". [3] [15]

Although the early photographs from Maison Bonfils have been generally attributed to Félix alone, the involvement of Lydie and Adrien in the photography side of the business is now recognised. [16] [17] [14] They also had an unidentified number of assistants. [18] [19] Photographers in the area found it difficult to find people willing to be photographed, partly due to local religious and cultural concerns about photography, and this applied particularly to women. [20] As a woman, Lydie is said to have been a more acceptable photographer for Middle Eastern women. As the region was thought to be too dangerous for Lydie to take photographs outside of the studio, her work was likely limited to studio portraits. [3] However, there is may be evidence that she was responsible for some landscape photographs, as English clergyman Samuel Manning cites "Madame Bonfils of Beyrout" as a photographic source for the illustrations of Palestine in his 1874 book. [21] [22]

Lydie ran the studio in Félix's absence when he returned to Alès in 1876 to publish compilations of his photographs. [2] [3] In 1878, the name of the studio was changed to "F. Bonfils et Cie". Adrien, now back in Beirut after completing his studies in France, took more responsibility for photography during this time. [22] Félix again travelled to Alès to establish a collotype printing factory in 1880 and died there in 1885.

Adrien remained at the studio until the early 1900s, when he left to open a hotel in Brummana. [23] With the assistance of fellow photographer Abraham Guiragossian, Lydie continued to manage the studio after the departure of Adrien. In 1907, Lydie published a collection of photographs from the studio in the Catalogue général des vues photographiques de l’Orient. [24]

Lydie's career was halted by the Ottoman Empire entering the First World War. She was evacuated with her family to Cairo, where she died and was buried in 1918. [3] After Lydie's death, Guiragossian purchased Maison Bonfils and the Bonfils' archives. Lydie's connection to the studio remained, however, as he signed his photographs, "Lydie Bonfils photographe, Beyrouth (Syrie) successeur A. Guiragossian." [3] [12]

Select list of publications

L’Orient des Bonfils (1867–1918)

On 11 May 2017, the heirs of the Bonfils-Saalmüller family donated a number of archives with historical photographs by Félix, Marie-Lydie and Adrien Bonfils to the library of Egyptology at the Collège de France in Paris. These photographs and accompanying art historical text were published in 2022 as L’Orient des Bonfils (1867–1918). Les archives Bonfils de la bibliothèque d’égyptologie du Collège de France. In addition to the commercial print version of 865 pages with 461 black-and-white or colorized photographs, this book was also made available for free download as a contribution to Digital Humanities and for wide consultation on the Internet. [25]

Digitisation and online access

In 2013, the Bonfils' archive has been digitised in a project between the British Library's Endangered Archives Programme and the Jafet Memorial Library of the American University of Beirut. [11] The collection is available online at the Endangered Archives Programme website.

More digitised images are available online in connection with the L’Orient des Bonfils (1867–1918) book project.

Selected photographs from Maison Bonfils

Select list of institutions holding works by F. Bonfils

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Steichen</span> American photographer, artist, and curator

Edward Jean Steichen was a Luxembourgish American photographer, painter, and curator, renowned as one of the most prolific and influential figures in the history of photography.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pascal Sébah</span> 19th-century photographer in Constantinople of Armenian and Syrian descent

Pascal Sébah was an Ottoman photographer in Istanbul and Cairo. Best known for his prolific photography of Anatolia, Egypt, and Greece, Sébah established the studio that would later become Sébah & Joaillier.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antonio Beato</span> Italian-British photographer

Antonio Beato, also known as Antoine Beato, was an Italian-British photographer. He is noted for his genre works, portraits, views of the architecture and landscapes of Egypt and other locations in the Mediterranean region. He was the younger brother of photographer Felice Beato (1832–1909), with whom he sometimes worked. Antonio and his brother were part of a small group of commercial photographers who were the first to produce images of the Orient on a large scale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Thomson (photographer)</span> Scottish photographer

John Thomson FRGS was a pioneering Scottish photographer, geographer, and traveller. He was one of the first photographers to travel to the Far East, documenting the people, landscapes and artefacts of eastern cultures. Upon returning home, his work among the street people of London cemented his reputation, and is regarded as a classic instance of social documentary which laid the foundations for photojournalism. He went on to become a portrait photographer of High Society in Mayfair, gaining the royal warrant in 1881.

Julien Vallou de Villeneuve was a French painter, lithographer and photographer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walid Raad</span> Lebanese video artist

Walid Raad (Ra'ad) (Arabic: وليد رعد) (born 1967 in Chbanieh, Lebanon) is a contemporary media artist. The Atlas Group is a fictional collective, the work of which is produced by Walid Raad. He lives and works in New York, where he is currently a distinguished visiting professor of photography at Bard College, in addition to being a professor of photography at the Cooper Union School of Art.

History of Greek photography from its beginning to the present

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adelphoi Zangaki</span> Greek photographic studio active in Cairo and Port Said (1860s-1890s)

The Adelphoi Zangaki, known by their probable initials C. and G. Zangaki, were two brothers of Greek origin, active as photographers in Ottoman Egypt from the 1860s through to the 1890s. They specialized in photographing ancient monuments and scenes of everyday life, producing photographic prints for the tourist trade. They occasionally worked with the French photographer Hippolyte Arnoux in Port Said, documenting the works on the Suez Canal. Further, they were among the first commercial photographers to produce large scale images of late 19th- century Egypt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women photographers</span> Women working as photographers

The participation of women in photography goes back to the very origins of the process. Several of the earliest women photographers, most of whom were from Britain or France, were married to male pioneers or had close relationships with their families. It was above all in northern Europe that women first entered the business of photography, opening studios in Denmark, France, Germany, and Sweden from the 1840s, while it was in Britain that women from well-to-do families developed photography as an art in the late 1850s. Not until the 1890s, did the first studios run by women open in New York City.

The Arab Image Foundation is a non-profit organization established in Beirut in 1997. It aims to track down, collect, preserve and study photographs from the Middle East, North Africa and the Arab diaspora. Its expanding collection includes more than 600,000 photographic objects from Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, Iraq, Iran, Mexico, Argentina, and Senegal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Chusseau-Flaviens</span> French photojournalist (1866–1928)

Charles Chusseau-Flaviens was a self-employed French photojournalist from the 1890s to the 1910s. His distribution of other photographer's work for publication created one of the first photo press agencies, based in Paris. Chusseau-Flaviens' by-line appeared on numerous photographs from all over Europe as well as from Africa, the Middle East, the Far East and North America. Subject matters included formal and informal portraits of European royalty, political figures and celebrities in addition to scenes of daily life. According to researchers, no biographical information about Chusseau-Flaviens is known.

Bogdan Konopka was a Polish photographer and art critic, who began taking photographs in the mid-1970s. Born in Dynów, Poland he moved to France in 1989. In 1998 he was awarded the Grand Prix de la Ville de Vevey in the European Photo Competition. Receiver of numerous scholarships e.g. Pro Helvetia, the City of Paris (1994), the French Embassy in Beijing (2005), the French Cultural Institute in Romania and Belarus. Author of the famous exhibition Paris en gris (2000) at the Polish Institute in Paris and The Invisible City (2003) at the Centre Pompidou. Bogdan Konopka preferred to work primarily on large format view camera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daoud Corm</span> Lebanese painter

Daoud Corm (1852–1930), David Corm in English, was an influential Lebanese painter and the father of writer, industrialist and philanthropist Charles Corm. He was a teacher and mentor to the young Khalil Gibran as well as Khalil Saleeby and Habib Srour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gabriel Lekegian</span> Armenian photographer in Ottoman Egypt (1853–1920)

Gabriel Lekegian, also known as G. Lékégian, was an Armenian painter and photographer, active in Constantinople and Cairo from the 1880s to the 1920s. Little is known about his life, but he left an important body of work under the name of his studio ‘Photographie Artistique G. Lekegian & Cie’. With a large number of now historical photographs of Ottoman Egypt, he documented the country at the turn of the 19th century. Among other collections, his photographs are held in the New York Public Library and the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

Lehnert & Landrock was a photographic studio run by Rudolf Franz Lehnert and Ernst Heinrich Landrock active in Tunisia and Egypt in the early 20th century, noted for producing Orientalist images. Rudolf Franz Lehnert and Ernst Heinrich Landrock produced images of North African people, landscapes, and architecture for a primarily European audience. These images were mainly distributed in monographs, though also as original prints, photogravures, and lithographic postcards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Les 30 x 40</span> Photography club

Les 30 × 40 or Le Club photographique de Paris was a photography club created in Paris in 1952 by Roger Doloy who was its president, with vice-president Jean-Claude Gautrand, photographer and author, and honorary president Jean-Pierre Sudre, professional photographer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fadia Ahmad</span> Lebanese photographer and filmmaker

Fadia Ahmad is a Spanish-Lebanese photographer, artist, and filmmaker.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muhammad Sadiq (photographer)</span> Egyptian army engineer and surveyor

Muhammad Sadiq Bey was an Ottoman Egyptian army engineer and surveyor who served as treasurer of the Hajj pilgrim caravan. As a photographer and author, he documented the holy sites of Islam at Mecca and Medina, taking the first ever photographs in what is now Saudi Arabia.

The Bibliothèque Orientale is a large research library founded in 1875 by the Jesuits of the Saint Joseph University in Beirut, Lebanon. In 2014, it held more than 225,000 books, 250,000 photographs and various documents in the fields of archaeology, theology, history, geography, philosophy, linguistics, literature and art.

References

  1. ↑ Galstyan, Vigen (2018). Abraham Guiragossian (1871–1956 | 1880–1930s), at the Database of Armenian Photo-Media Practitioners, Lusadaran Armenian Photography Foundation Yerevan with the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Armenia. Accessed 8 December 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hannavy, John (2013) [2008]. Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography. pp. 173–174.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Chemali, Yasmine (7 March 2014). "The Good Woman named Bonfils". British Library: Endangered Archives Programme. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  4. 1 2 "Aerial Panoramic View of Beirut". World Digital Library. 1867. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  5. 1 2 Szegedy-Maszak, Andrew (May–June 2001). "The Genius of Félix Bonfils". Archaeology. 54 (3).
  6. ↑ Gavin, Carney E. S. (1978). "Bonfils and the early photography of the Near East". Harvard Library Bulletin. XXVI (4): 461. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  7. ↑ Farbige Reise, Paris bibliothèques, 2009, p. 41
  8. ↑ Vogelsang-Eastwood, G., For Modesty's Sake? Barjesteh, Meeuwes & Company, 1996, p. 163
  9. ↑ Rockett, William H. (1983). "The Bonfils Story". Saudi Aramco World. 34 (6). Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  10. ↑ "Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution". Collections.si.edu. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  11. 1 2 "The Fouad Debbas Collection: assessment and digitisation of a precious private collection. Photographs from Maison Bonfils (1867-1910s), Beirut, Lebanon (EAP644)". British Library Endangered Archives Programme. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  12. 1 2 Gavin, Carney E. S. (1978). "Bonfils and the early photography of the Near East". Harvard Library Bulletin. XXVI (4): 449.
  13. ↑ Gavin, Carney E. S. (1978). "Bonfils and the early photography of the Near East". Harvard Library Bulletin. XXVI (4): 460–461.
  14. 1 2 "Aerial Panoramic View of Beirut". World Digital Library. 1867. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  15. ↑ Bonfils, Roger (December 1979). Des pionniers de la photographie, Souvenirs de Famille. Beirut, Lebanon: The Fouad Debbas Collection.
  16. ↑ Hannavy, John (2008). Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography (1st ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 174.
  17. ↑ "Scène naar het bijbelverhaal over de barmhartige Samaritaan, Nablus, Palestina (1867–1883)". Netherlands Museum Catalogue. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  18. ↑ F. Bonfils & Cie. Catalogue des vues photographiques de l'Orient. Beyrouth (Syrie) & Alais (Gard).
  19. ↑ "Click Click: The Repetition of Photo-Graphic Subject Matter in the 19th Century" (PDF). Sursock Museum. 3 November 2017 – 5 February 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  20. ↑ Gavin, Carney E. S. (1978). "Bonfils and the early photography of the Near East". Harvard Library Bulletin. XXVI (4): 445–446.
  21. ↑ Manning, Samuel (1874). "Those Holy Fields": Palestine, Illustrated by Pen and Pencil. London: Religious Tract Society. p. 6.
  22. 1 2 Rockett, William H. (1983). "The Bonfils Story". Saudi Aramco World. 34 (6). Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  23. ↑ Gavin, Carney E. S. (1978). "Bonfils and the early photography of the Near East". Harvard Library Bulletin. XXVI (4): 461.
  24. ↑ Bonfils, Marie-Lydie (1907). Catalogue général des vues photographiques de l'Orient : Basse et Haute Egypte, Nubie, Palestine, Phénicie, Moab, Syrie, Côte d'Asie, les Sept églises d'Asie, Caramanie, Anatolie, îles de Chypre, de Rhodes, de Pathmos, de Syra, Athènes, Macédoine, Constantinople. Baalbek: Agencies in Jerusalem.
  25. ↑ Arnaudiès, Alain; Elsa Rickal; Thomas Lebée; Sépideh Qahéri-Paquette (2022). L'Orient des Bonfils (1867–1918). Les archives Bonfils de la bibliothèque d'égyptologie du Collège de France (in French). Paris: Soleb. p. 4.
  26. ↑ "Brooklyn Museum". brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  27. ↑ Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA). "Search". cca.qc.ca.
  28. ↑ "Felix Bonfils". FAMSF Search the Collections. 21 September 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  29. ↑ "Felix Bonfils". ou.edu. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  30. ↑ "Middle East and Islamic Photographs". Harvard Library. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  31. ↑ "Félix Bonfils (French, 1831 – 1885) (Getty Museum)". The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  32. ↑ "Tyr., Vue générale, Palestine, Félix Bonfils ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art". collections.artsmia.org. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  33. ↑ "Central aisle of the hypostyle hall, Karnak, Egypt". art.nelson-atkins.org. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  34. ↑ "The Fouad Debbas Collection". Sursock Museum. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  35. ↑ "The Fouad Debbas Collection: assessment and digitisation of a precious private collection. Photographs from Maison Bonfils (1867-1910s), Beirut, Lebanon (EAP644)". British Library Endangered Archives Programme. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  36. ↑ "Exchange|Search: artist:"Felix Bonfils"". exchange.umma.umich.edu. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  37. ↑ "Karnak Ruines du temples Amonphis". Digital Collections. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  38. ↑ Museum, Victoria and Albert. "Photograph | Felix Bonfils | V&A Explore The Collections". Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  39. ↑ "Charette transportant des femmes arabes (Primary Title) – (2014.220)". Virginia Museum of Fine Arts |. Retrieved 22 February 2021.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.