The Orange Alternative is a Polish anti-communist underground movement, started in Wrocław, a city in south-west Poland and led by Waldemar Fydrych, commonly known as Major in the 1980s. Its main purpose was to offer a wider group of citizens an alternative way of opposition against the authoritarian regime by means of a peaceful protest that used absurd and nonsensical elements.
Wrocław is a city in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe, roughly 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the Sudeten Mountains to the south. As of 2023, the official population of Wrocław is 674,132 making it the third largest city in Poland. The population of the Wrocław metropolitan area is around 1.25 million.
Jarocin is a town in west-central Poland with 25,700 inhabitants (1995), the administrative capital of Jarocin County in Greater Poland Voivodeship.
The Polish Radio is a national public-service radio broadcasting organization of Poland, founded in 1925. It is owned by the State Treasury of Poland. On 27 December 2023, the Minister of Culture and National Heritage, due to the President's veto on the financing of the company, placed it in liquidation.
Federacja Anarchistyczna is a federation of Polish anarchist organizations. The federation was founded in 1988 and was inspired by the Pre-World War group the Anarchist Federation of Poland. MA began as a loose collective for multiple anarchist organizations where they could meet and coordinate movements. In 1989, the organization rebranded to FA and formalized itself ideologically.
Krzesimir Marcin Dębski is a Polish composer, conductor and jazz violinist. His music career as a musician has been that of a performer as well as composer of classical music, opera, television and feature films.
Warszawa Centralna, in English known as Warsaw Central Station, is the primary railway station in Warsaw, Poland. Completed in 1975, the station is located on the Warsaw Cross-City Line and features four underground island platforms with eight tracks in total. It is served by the long-distance domestic and international trains of PKP Intercity and Polregio as well as some of the regional trains operated by Koleje Mazowieckie. Adjacent to the north side of the building is a bus station that serves as the central hub for night bus lines, and Złote Tarasy shopping center.
Independent Students' Association is a Polish student society, created in October 1980, in the aftermath of the Gdańsk Agreement and the anti-government strike actions. It was a student arm, or suborganization, of Solidarity, and together with it, as well as other similar organizations, was banned after the implementation of martial law in Poland. Some activists were arrested, and others organized an underground NZS. After the fall of Communism in 1989, the organization was recreated, and its focus was changed from political to cultural, although it still stands by its origins, as seen by Polish students’ support for the Orange Revolution in Ukraine. It now is the largest independent student organization in Poland, with 90 chapters at Polish universities and a total of 20,000 members.
Adam Józef Lipiński, is an economist, editor and lecturer, as well as a founder of the Law and Justice party in Lower Silesia.
Major Adam Lazarowicz was a Polish military officer who played a prominent role in the Polish resistance movement in the German-occupied Poland in the Second World War.
Apollo Korzeniowski was a Polish poet, playwright, translator, clandestine political activist, and father of Polish-English novelist Joseph Conrad.
Jerzy Borejsza was a Polish communist activist and writer. During the Stalinist period of communist Poland, he was chief of a state press and publishing syndicate.
Klaus Dieter Bachmann is a German journalist, writer, historian and political scientist. He is an author of books and writings on German, Austrian and Polish culture, history and politics, as well as on the European Union and German-Polish as well as Polish-Ukrainian relations. In 1988, Bachmann settled in Poland and began to write on a regular basis for various Austrian and German newspapers and weeklies, reporting on the revolutionary and evolutionary political, economic, social and cultural changes in the post-Soviet bloc countries. Since 1989, he worked as the accredited foreign correspondent based in Poland, and also from 1992, in Kyiv, Minsk and Vilnius. During the mid-1990s he wrote for a Berlin daily, Der Tagesspiegel, for Die Stuttgarter Zeitung, Die Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung, and also for Polish mainstream newspapers and weeklies.
Wrocław Dwarves or Wrocław Gnomes are small figurines that have appeared in the streets of Wrocław, Poland since 2005. The dwarves' numbers have grown to at least 400 and they are a major tourist attraction for the city, which is the third largest in Poland. Tourists often walk around the city with a map trying to find all of them.
The demographics of Poland constitute all demographic features of the population of Poland including population density, ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.
Mateusz Jakub Morawiecki is a Polish economist, historian and politician who served as the prime minister of Poland between 2017 and 2023. A member of the Law and Justice (PiS) party, he previously served in the cabinet of prime minister Beata Szydło as deputy prime minister from 2015 to 2017, Minister of Development from 2015 to 2018 and Minister of Finance from 2016 to 2018. Prior to his political appointment, Morawiecki had an extensive business career. He is considered to have been a de jure leader of Poland, with the de facto leader being Jarosław Kaczyński, the leader of the party Morawiecki is a member of.
Patryk Tomasz Jaki is a Polish politician, member of the European Parliament, former Secretary of State in the Ministry of Justice and First Deputy Attorney General, former Chairman of the Verification Committee for Reprivatisation since 2017.
Civic Committee of the Solidarity with Ukraine – is a Polish organisation founded on the principles of supporting pro-democratic changes in Ukraine. The group was established at the beginning of the Revolution of Dignity in early 2014.
Wiesław Cupała is a Polish artist, writer, mathematician, editor of the website of the Wolność i Pokój movement, and one of the leaders of the Orange Alternative.
