This article needs additional citations for verification .(August 2012) |
Marathi Kirtan Or " Kirtan " is an art of spiritual teaching through story-telling. It is typically performed by one or two main performers, called Keertankar, accompanied by Harmonium, Castanets/chiplya/Kartal/Khartal, Manjeera/Taal/Jhaanj/cymbals, Tambori, Mridang/Pakhwaj and Tabla musicians. It involves singing, acting, dancing, and story-telling. However it is unlike any other performing art as it is basically pure glorification of god and godly acts. [1] [2] [3]
Based on the format and subjects, Keertan / Kirtan has been classified into several types, described in the sections below.
In Indian mythology, the story of Bhakta Prahlad is famous for the uninterrupted devotion of a small child towards the almighty God, despite the obstacles created by his own father demon Hiranyakashipu. In the same "Avatar katha" child Prahlad the heavenly prince defines 9 types of "Bhakti" devotion. The relevant shloka [4] says,
Shrawanam keertanam vishnoh smaranam padsevanam |
Archanam vandanam dasyam sakhyam atmanivedanam ||
Meaning -There are 9 types (stages) of "Bhakti" or ways of devotion.
The second type namely, "Keertan or Kirtan" as is called is performing art of presenting sayings from old good books and mythological literature along with a tint of music, dance, humor, etc. Due to scarce means of transport and communications, the performers called Keertankars use to travel a lot. Town to town and place to place over long periods and offer performances so as to enlighten the people. All over India this form of devotion is still live and prevalent in one form or another. All states have Keertans in Temples, Gurudwaras, mandirs and holy festival places too.
Keertan is also called Hari Keertan, Katha or Harikatha, Sankirtan, Nam sankeertan, etc. Keertan carries a tradition as old as times of age old muni Narada the best devotee of lord Vishnu. Naradiya keertan follows a format that is named after Narada the sacred son of Brahmadev or lord Brahma . [5]
or "Naradiya Kirtan" an age old form of devotion, admire of gods and godly acts, glorification of the almighty, and also a tool used by the performers to keep people updated on the world out of their towns and also to educate the masses about good values of life and very purpose of human life, through a medium of "ONE MAN SHOW" consisting of prose and musical performance given at the temples and other holy places. [6]
In this format Keertan is divided into 5 parts , [7]
It lasts for period of any length, ideally for half an hour to 3 hours at a stretch.
There are no hard and fast written rules, and different dress codes are prevalent in different geographic and social environments. However, by convention and as an age-old practice and tradition, men wear
The performer has accomplished musical instruments like harmonium, drums, and string instruments of various types mostly "Zanz", "chipali", "Tal" or "Chimata".The performer needs to study a lot of things in literature, music dance, humor, and acting. He has to be a good orator and an able debating artist. Usually, the subjects are full of devotion, sacrifice, kindness, bravery, values of life, extinguishing ills of life, and personal development of each individual physically and spiritually.
A lot of reading, the practice of debating, musical training, sound memory, and all-around knowledge only can make a good performer in Keertan. But after all, the main cause and purpose of Keertan is the "glorification of god and godly acts"
The main institute for training is "Keertan Kul", with office situated at Sangli and the "Shankaracharya of Karaveer Peeth " as Chair person. There are some institutes offering the training in Keertan apart from individual schools and coaching classes in small towns all over India.
Marathi Naradiya keertan is taught at the following locations in its formal traditional way:
There are also some smaller schools at Goa, Beed and Ujjain.
These are working as independent autonomous bodies. Different institutes offer education in different languages as suitable for the students and audiences around e.g. Institutes in Maharashtra prefer Marathi medium while those in Karnataka go for Kannada, Hindi is medium in U P and M.P,and Punjabi in Punjab and so on. Some have started training in various mediums including Hindi and English too along with the local language.
Naradiya Keertan knows no boundaries. It accepts saying from great authors all over the world, if they suit their subject under consideration as to prove the principle or spiritual lessons. The training is also available by postal course also if one wants to do it at home as self studying, with outside guidance in literature and music. A good knowledge of "Sanskrit" the ancient language of India is essential for a best performer. Mostly it tells stories of old mythology and religious deeds of great lives including god and godly men.
There are several types of performing the Naradiya Keertan. The format, sequence, and dress code is similar, except for the stuff elaborated.
A. Rashtriya Keertan
Rashtriya literally means nationalist. It is a subform of Naradiya Keertan. Any Naradiya Keertan with nationalist thoughts is considered as a Rashtriya Keertan. Having taken inspiration from Indian freedom fighter Lokmanya Tilak, a medical practitioner from a small town of Wai-district Satara shri Dattopant Patwardhan, left his profession and became the pioneer of this form of Naradiya Keertan. He started this new era of Rashtriya keertan. He used the format of Naradiya keertan to teach the masses and make awareness amongst them about the struggle for freedom against the British regime. He used many mythological stories from great epics which gave the message to the masses and encouraged the movement for liberty. In modern times, stories of great scientists, warriors, freedom fighters and social reformers National leaders, battles fought, etc. are conveniently selected to entertain and educate the masses. So, Naradiya keertan is still a popular tool of mass education. It serves today as an art of spiritual training through entertainment. It is devotion with an added stint of nationalism and art.
B. Ramdasi Keertan
This form was named after Samarth Ramdas. Here the format is like Naradiya Keertan, only difference is it is based on poetry by Samarth Ramdas, and mostly the stories selected are from "Ramayana". In between chanting is also dedicated to lord Ram, glorifying his deeds and bravery. In his world known book "Dasbodh", Samarth Ramdas has explained in detail how a keertan should be performed effectively. Generally, the dress code of Ramdasi Panth containing saffron-colored gears is used for this type of Naradiya Keertan.
C. Jugalbandi Keertan
This format is just like Naradiya Keertan. It was most evolved form that is performed by two persons together. The philosophy is presented from all angles, sometimes contradicting each other. The performance is more interesting as it goes in question-Answer form, sometimes creating a dialogue with audiences also. Finally both the performers come to a conclusion that gives some spiritual lesson for the listeners.
Varkari Keertan was pioneered by Sant Namdev around 900 years back in Maharashtra. It is usually based on poetry of 7 famous saints of Maharashtra namely, Saint Nivruttinath, Sant Dnyaneshwar, Sopandev, Muktabai, saint Eknath, Saint Namdev, and Saint Tukaram maharaj. Sometimes other sayings of saints are chosen.
The show goes for 2 or 3 hours as time permits and is not divided into parts like "Naradiya Keertan". This form was effectively performed for years by personalities like "Hari Bhakti Parayan" (sincere devotee of god) Sonopant (mama) Dandekar, Dhunda maharaj Deglurkar, Babamaharaj Satarkar, Dekhanebuwa, and many others in modern times. An institute at Alandi near Pune offers training in this form of Keertan.
Some modern types such as Scientific Kirtan or Corporate Kirtan are popular in society. Various videos of the Marathi Kirtans of the lives of legends like Homi Bhabha [ disambiguation needed ], C. V. Raman, M. Visvesvaraya are available on the internet.
Kirtana, also rendered as Keertan, or the highest grossing and attended form Marathi Keertan is a Sanskrit word that means "narrating, reciting, telling, describing" of an idea or story, specifically in Indian religions. It also refers to a genre of religious performance arts, connoting a musical form of narration or shared recitation, particularly of keertan spiritual or religious ideas, native to the Indian subcontinent.
Samarth Ramdas, also known as Sant Ramdas or Ramdas Swami, was an Indian Hindu saint, philosopher, poet, writer and spiritual master. He was a devotee of the Hindu deities Rama and Hanuman.
Sant Tukaram Maharaj was a 17th-century Marathi Saint, Hindu sant (saint), popularly known as Tuka, Tukobaraya, Tukoba in Maharashtra. He was a Sant of Varkari sampradaya - that venerates the God Vitthal - in Maharashtra, India. He was part of the egalitarian, personalized Varkari devotionalism tradition. Sant Tukaram Maharaj is best known for his devotional poetry called Abhanga and community-oriented worship with spiritual songs known as kirtan.
Namdev, also transliterated as Nam Dayv, Namdeo, Namadeva, was a Marathi Vaishnav saint from Narsi, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India within the Varkari tradition of Hinduism. He lived as a devotee of Lord Vitthal of Pandharpur. He is widely regarded as the founder of Varkari tradition.
Dāsbodh, loosely meaning "advice to the disciple" in Marathi, is a 17th-century bhakti (devotion) and jnana (insight) spiritual text. It was orally narrated by the saint Samarth Ramdas to his disciple, Kalyan Swami. The Dāsbodh provides readers with spiritual guidance on matters such as devotion and acquiring knowledge. Besides this, it also helps in answering queries related to day-to-day life and how to find solutions to it.
Warkari is a sampradaya within the bhakti spiritual tradition of Hinduism, geographically associated with the Indian state of Maharashtra. Warkaris worship Vitthal, the presiding deity of Pandharpur, regarded as a form of Vishnu. Saints and gurus of the bhakti movement associated with the Warkaris include Dnyaneshwar, Namdev, Chokhamela, Eknath, and Tukaram all of whom are accorded the title of Sant. Recent research has suggested that the Varkaris were historically the followers of VITHHAL & RAKHUMAI(विठ्ठल आणि रखुमाई).
Vithoba, also known as Vithala, and Panduranga, is a Hindu god predominantly worshipped in the Indian state of Maharashtra and Karnataka. He is a form of the god Vishnu, or his avatar Krishna. Vithoba is often depicted as a dark young boy, standing arms akimbo on a brick, sometimes accompanied by his consort Rakhumai.
Abhanga is a form of devotional poetry sung in praise of the Hindu god Vitthal, also known as Vithoba. The word "abhang" comes from a for "non-" and bhanga for "ending" or "interrupting", in other words, a flawless, continuous process, in this case referring to a poem. By contrast, the devotional songs known as Bhajans focus on the inward journey. Abhangs are more exuberant expressions of the communitarian experience. Abhanga is considered a form of the ovi. Abhangs are sung during pilgrimage to the temples of Pandharpur, by the devotees.
Harikatha, also known as Harikatha Kaalakshepam in Telugu and Tamil, is a form of Hindu traditional discourse in which the storyteller explores a traditional theme, usually the life of a saint or a story from an Indian epic. The person telling the story through songs, music and narration is called a Haridasa.
Bhoyare Gangarda is a typical village in Parner tehsil of Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra, India.
Brahmachaitanya was an Indian Hindu saint and spiritual master. Brahmachaitanya was a devotee of the Hindu deity Rama and signed his name as "Brahmachaitanya Ramdasi". He was a disciple of Tukamai, and advocated for japa meditation with the 13-character Ram Naam (name) mantra "Śrī Rām Jai Rām Jai Jai Rām" to attain spiritual progress and enlightenment.
Visoba Khechara, spelled also as Visoba Khechar or Visoba Khecar, was the yogi-guru of the Varkari poet-saint Namdev (c.1270-1350) of Maharashtra, India. Visoba was a disciple of the Varkari poet-saint Jñāneśvar. He had linkages with the Varkari tradition as well as the Nath tradition of Maharashtra. Though a staunch Shaiva, Visoba has composed verses in praise of the god Vithoba, the patron deity of the Varkari faith. He has also composed a metaphysical treatise called the Shatsthala.
Bahinabai or Bahina or Bahini is a Varkari female-saint from Maharashtra, India. She is considered as a disciple of another Varkari poet-saint Tukaram. Having been born in a Brahmin family, Bahinabai was married to a widower at a young age and spent most of her childhood wandering around Maharashtra along with her family. She describes, in her autobiography Atmamanivedana, her spiritual experiences with a calf and visions of the Varkari's patron deity Vithoba and Tukaram. She reports being subjected to verbal and physical abuse by her husband, who despised her spiritual inclination but who finally accepted her chosen path of devotion (bhakti). Unlike most female-saints who never married or renounced their married life for God, Bahinabai remained married her entire life.
Kanhopatra was a 15th-century Marathi saint-poet, venerated by the Varkari sect of Hinduism.
Shri Samarth Muppin Kaadsiddheswar Maharaj was a guru in the Navnath tradition of Hindu philosophy. He was a disciple of Shri Samarth Siddharameshwar Maharaj, disciple of Shri Samarth Bhausaheb Maharaj, disciple of Shri Gurulingajangam Maharaj, disciple of the 22nd Shri Samarth Muppin Kaadsiddheswar Maharaj.
Sri Shreedhara Swami Maharaj was an Indian prominent Kannada-Marathi saint and religious poet in the Hindu tradition. Shreedhar Swami was a devotee of Lord Ram and a disciple of Samarth Ramdas.
Charudatta Aphale is a kirtan performer, son of kirtan performer Govindswami Aphale. Govindswami was often referred to Aphale-buwa when he was active. And now Charudatta is referred to as Aphale-buwa, with Buwa being an honorific term. Aphale took his kirtan lessons from his parents and Pt. Sharad Gokhale, Pt. Padmakar Kulkarni, Mukundbuva Gokhale, Agashe Buva, Madhukar Khadilkar, Pt. Vijay Bakshi
Patole is a village in Sinnar taluka of Nashik district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The current sarpanch of Patole is Shri Meghraj Suresh Avhad who is a civil engineer.
Bhalchandra Pandharinath Bahirat was a philosopher and educationist who studied the Marathi literature of Jñāneśvar and other sants of Maharashtra. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters from Pune University in 1991.
Traditional Religious Naradiya Kirtan on Marathi Saint Tukamai: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZEoRmkyD0M
Typical Varkari Kirtan based on a Marathi Poem 'Abhanga': https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrMzcpN_tu8
Marathi Scientific Kirtan on the life of a famous scientist Dr. Homi Bhabha: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCMTRzYQoO4
Typical Ramdasi Kirtan based on the life of a Samarth Ramdas disciple - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn-Cm_GqGqY