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Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere. Conversely,immigration describes the movement of people into one country from another. A migrant emigrates from their old country,and immigrates to their new country. Thus,both emigration and immigration describe migration,but from different countries' perspectives.
The Mariel boatlift was a mass emigration of Cubans who traveled from Cuba's Mariel Harbor to the United States between 15 April and 31 October 1980. The term "Marielito" is used to refer to these refugees in both Spanish and English. While the exodus was triggered by a sharp downturn in the Cuban economy,it followed on the heels of generations of Cubans who had immigrated to the United States in the preceding decades.
Forced displacement is an involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region. The UNHCR defines 'forced displacement' as follows:displaced "as a result of persecution,conflict,generalized violence or human rights violations".
Cuban Americans are Americans who immigrated from or are descended from immigrants from Cuba,regardless of racial or ethnic origin. Cuban Americans are the third largest Hispanic American group in the United States after Mexican Americans and Puerto Rican Americans.
The wet feet,dry feet policy or wet foot,dry foot policy was the name given to a former interpretation of the 1995 revision of the application of the Cuban Adjustment Act of 1966 that essentially says that anyone who emigrated from Cuba and entered the United States would be allowed to pursue residency a year later. Prior to 1995,the U.S. government allowed all Cubans who reached U.S. territorial waters to remain in the U.S. After talks with the Cuban government,the Clinton administration came to an agreement with Cuba that it would stop admitting people intercepted in U.S. waters. For two decades thereafter,any Cuban caught on the waters between the two nations would summarily be returned to Cuba or sent to a third country,while one who made it to shore got a chance to remain in the United States,and later would qualify for expedited "legal permanent resident" status in accordance with the 1966 Act and eventually U.S. citizenship. However,the policy came with increased risk for asylum seekers entering the country. In 1994,also known as the year of the Rafter Crisis,36,900 immigrants risked travel by sea. On January 12,2017,Barack Obama announced the immediate end of the policy following concerns about the safety of immigrants risking their lives to cross the straits of Florida into the U.S. The end of his presidency saw an increase in foreign relations with Cuba,including bilateral agreements with the Cuban government regarding maritime and aeronautical search and rescue protocols for Cuban immigrants entering the country.
The Cuban exodus is the mass emigration of Cubans from the island of Cuba after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Throughout the exodus,millions of Cubans from diverse social positions within Cuban society emigrated within various emigration waves,due to political repression and disillusionment with life in Cuba.
Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. Commuters,tourists,and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration;seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included,however.
The United States recognizes the right of asylum for individuals seeking protections from persecution,as specified by international and federal law. People who seek protection while outside the U.S. are termed refugees,while people who seek protection from inside the U.S. are termed asylum seekers. Those who are granted asylum are termed asylees.
Cristina García is a Cuban-born American journalist and novelist. Her first novel Dreaming in Cuban (1992) was a finalist for the National Book Award. She has since published her novels The Agüero Sisters (1997) and Monkey Hunting (2003),and has edited books of Cuban and other Latin American literature. A Handbook to Luck (2007) follows three children from Cuba,over twenty-six years through sacrifices and forced exiles.
Migration studies is the academic study of human migration. Migration studies is an interdisciplinary field which draws on anthropology,prehistory,history,economics,law,sociology and postcolonial studies.
Rubén G. Rumbaut is a prominent Cuban-American sociologist and a leading expert on immigration and refugee resettlement in the United States. He is Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of California,Irvine.
Sarah J. Mahler is an American author and cultural anthropologist. She was part of a group of anthropologists attempting to change migration studies to a more comprehensive way to understand how migrants crossing international borders remain tied to their homelands and how cultural practices and identities reflect influences from past and present contexts,called "transnational migration."
The Canadian Council for Refugees is a Montreal-based non-governmental organization that critiques the Government of Canada's public policy regarding refugee settlement and determination,and provides consultation to Canadian immigration authorities. According to the CCR,refugee services should focus on mental health.
Freedom Flights transported Cubans to Miami twice daily,five times per week from 1965 to 1973. Its budget was about $12 million and it brought an estimated 300,000 refugees,making it the "largest airborne refugee operation in American history." The Freedom Flights were an important and unusual chapter of cooperation in the history of Cuban-American foreign relations,which is otherwise characterized by mutual distrust. The program changed the racial makeup of Miami and fueled the growth of the Cuban-American enclave there.
Alexander Betts is Professor of Forced Migration and International Affairs,William Golding Senior Fellow in Politics at Brasenose College,and Associate Head of the Social Sciences Division at the University of Oxford.
Outstanding American by Choice is an award given to naturalized United States citizens "who have achieved [...] extraordinary things" by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) agency of the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS). It was established in January 2006 by Emilio T. Gonzalez,then the director of USCIS. As of 2018,about 130 awards have been given.
"Refugees as weapons",or "Weapon of Mass Migration" is a term used to describe a hostile government organizing,or threatening to organize,a sudden influx of refugees into another country or political entity with the intent of causing political disturbances in that entity. The responsible country usually seeks to extract concessions from the targeted country and achieve some political,military,and/or economic objective.
Julian Lim is a historian teaching at Arizona State University. Her research focuses on race,sovereignty,and refugee law in the Mexico-U.S. borderlands region. Her first monograph Porous Borders:Multiracial Migrations and the Law in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands was published in 2017 by the University of North Carolina Press. The text won multiple awards,including the David J. Weber-Clements Center Prize,the Outstanding Achievement in History award from the Association for Asian American Studies,and the Humanities Book Award from the Institute for Humanities Research.
Climate migration is a subset of climate-related mobility that refers to primarily voluntary movement driven by the impact of sudden or gradual climate-exacerbated disasters,such as "abnormally heavy rainfalls,prolonged droughts,desertification,environmental degradation,or sea-level rise and cyclones". The majority of climate migrants move internally within their own countries,though a smaller number of climate-displaced people also move across national borders.
Madeline Y. Hsu is a historian known for her scholarship in Chinese American and Asian American history. She is an elected Fellow of the Society of American Historians. She is the eldest granddaughter of the neo-Confucian scholar Xu Fuguan.
References
- ↑ "Maria Cristina Garcia". cornell.edu. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
- ↑ "Newly Elected Fellows". amacad.org. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
- ↑ "Garcia, Maria Cristina". worldcat.org. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
- ↑ "Maria Cristina Garcia". cornell.edu. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
- ↑ "Maria Cristina Garcia | Wilson Center".
- ↑ "Announcing the 2016 Andrew Carnegie Fellows" . Retrieved November 30, 2017.
- ↑ "Russell Distinguished Teaching Award | Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences Cornell Arts & Sciences". as.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05.
- ↑ "Four on faculty receive Carpenter advising awards".
- ↑ "Garcia, Burrow receive inaugural faculty diversity award".
- ↑ "State of Disaster: The Failure of U.S. Migration Policy in an Age of Climate Change". University of North Carolina Press. August 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
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