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The concept of a carceral archipelago was first used by the French historian and philosopher Michel Foucault in his 1975 publication, Surveiller et Punir, to describe the modern penal system of the 1970s, embodied by the well-known penal institution at Mettray in France. The phrase combines the adjective "carceral", which means that which is related to jail or prison, with archipelago—a group of islands. Foucault referred to the "island" units of the "archipelago" as a metaphor for the mechanisms, technologies, knowledge systems and networks related to a carceral continuum. The 1973 English publication of the book by Solzhenitsyn called The Gulag Archipelago referred to the forced labor camps and prisons that composed the sprawling carceral network of the Soviet Gulag.
The prison-industrial complex (PIC) is a term, coined after the "military-industrial complex" of the 1950s, used by scholars and activists to describe the many relationships between institutions of imprisonment and the various businesses that benefit from them.
Incarceration in the United States is one of the primary means of punishment, penal labor and rehabilitation, for the commission of crimes or other offenses. Prison terms are typically reserved for those found guilty of more serious crimes, defined as felonies by state and federal legislatures. Over five million people are under supervision by the criminal legal system. Nearly two million people are incarcerated in state or federal prisons and local jails, 2.9 million people are on probation, and over 800,000 people are on parole. At year-end 2021, 1,000,000 people were incarcerated in state prisons; 157,000 people were incarcerated in federal prisons; and, 636,000 people were incarcerated in local jails. By year-end 2021, the U.S. prison population had declined 25% since reaching its peak in 2009. The nearly 1.2 million people imprisoned in 2021 were nearly six times the prison population 50 years ago, before the prison population began its dramatic growth.
The prison abolition movement is a network of groups and activists that seek to reduce or eliminate prisons and the prison system, and replace them with systems of rehabilitation that do not place a focus on punishment and government institutionalization. The prison abolitionist movement is distinct from conventional prison reform, which is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons.
Jonathan Simon is an American academic, the Lance Robbins Professor of Criminal Justice Law, and the former Associate Dean of the Jurisprudence and Social Policy Program at the UC Berkeley School of Law. Simon’s scholarship concerns the role of crime and criminal justice in governing contemporary societies, risk and the law, and the history of the interdisciplinary study of law. His other interests include criminology; penology; sociology; insurance models of governing risk; governance; the origins and consequences of, and solutions to, the California prison "crisis"; parole; prisons; capital punishment; immigration detention; and the warehousing of incarcerated people.
According to the latest available data at the World Prison Brief on May 7, 2023, the United States has the sixth highest incarceration rate in the world, at 531 people per 100,000. Between 2019 and 2020, the United States saw a significant drop in the total number of incarcerations. State and federal prison and local jail incarcerations dropped by 14% from 2.1 million in 2019 to 1.8 million in mid-2020. In 2018, the United States had the highest incarceration rate in the world.
A prison, also known as a jail, gaol, penitentiary, detention center, correction center, correctional facility, lock-up, hoosegow or remand center, is a facility in which convicted criminals are confined involuntarily and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state as punishment for various crimes. Authorities most commonly use prisons within a criminal-justice system: people charged with crimes may be imprisoned until their trial; those who have pled or been found guilty of crimes at trial may be sentenced to a specified period of imprisonment.
As of 2013, across the world, 625,000 women and children were being incarcerated in correctional facilities, and the female prison population was increasing in all continents. The list of countries by incarceration rate includes a main table with a column for the historical and current percentage of prisoners who are female.
Ruth Wilson Gilmore is a prison abolitionist and prison scholar. She is the Director of the Center for Place, Culture, and Politics and professor of geography in Earth and Environmental Sciences at The City University of New York. She has been credited with "more or less single-handedly" inventing carceral geography, the "study of the interrelationships across space, institutions and political economy that shape and define modern incarceration". She received the 2020 Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Association of Geographers.
Criminal justice reform seeks to address structural issues in criminal justice systems such as racial profiling, police brutality, overcriminalization, mass incarceration, and recidivism. Reforms can take place at any point where the criminal justice system intervenes in citizens’ lives, including lawmaking, policing, sentencing and incarceration. Criminal justice reform can also address the collateral consequences of conviction, including disenfranchisement or lack of access to housing or employment, that may restrict the rights of individuals with criminal records.
Gender-responsive prisons are prisons constructed to provide gender-specific care to incarcerated women. Contemporary sex-based prison programs were presented as a solution to the rapidly increasing number of women in the prison industrial complex and the overcrowding of California's prisons. These programs vary in intent and implementation and are based on the idea that female offenders differ from their male counterparts in their personal histories and pathways to crime. Multi-dimensional programs oriented toward female behaviors are considered by many to be effective in curbing recidivism.
Heather Ann Thompson is an American historian, author, activist, professor, and speaker from Detroit, Michigan. Thompson won the 2017 Pulitzer Prize for History, the 2016 Bancroft Prize, and other awards for her work Blood in the Water: The Attica Prison Uprising of 1971 and Its Legacy.
Naomi Murakawa is an American political scientist and associate professor of African-American studies at Princeton University. Along with Kent Eaton, she is also the co-chair of the 2017 American Political Science Association (APSA) Section 24 meeting. Murakawa received her B.A. in women’s studies from Columbia University, her M.Sc. in social policy from the London School of Economics, and her Ph.D. in political science from Yale University. She is known for her 2014 book, The First Civil Right, which contends that American liberals are just as responsible for mass incarceration in the United States as conservatives are. In 2015, Murakawa won the Michael Harrington Book Award from APSA for this book.
Carceral feminism is a critical term for types of feminism that advocate for enhancing and increasing prison sentences that deal with feminist and gender issues. It is the belief that harsher and longer prison sentences will help work towards solving these issues. The phrase "carceral feminism" was coined by Elizabeth Bernstein, a feminist sociologist, in her 2007 article, "The Sexual Politics of the 'New Abolitionism'". Examining the contemporary anti-trafficking movement in the United States, Bernstein introduced the term to describe a type of feminist activism which casts all forms of sexual labor as sex trafficking. She sees this as a retrograde step, suggesting it erodes the rights of women in the sex industry, and takes the focus off other important feminist issues, and expands the neoliberal agenda.
Vesla Mae Weaver is an American political scientist and author. She is a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of political science and sociology at Johns Hopkins University.
Liat Ben-Moshe is a disability scholar and assistant professor of criminology, Law, and Justice at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Ben-Moshe holds a PhD in sociology from Syracuse University with concentrations in Women and Gender Studies and Disability Studies. Ben-Moshe's work “has brought an intersectional disability studies approach to the phenomenon of mass incarceration and decarceration in the US”. Ben-Moshe's major works include Building Pedagogical Curb Cuts: Incorporating Disability into the University Classroom and Curriculum (2005), Disability Incarcerated: Imprisonment and Disability in the United States and Canada (2014), and Decarcerating Disability: Deinstitutionalization and Prison Abolition (2020). Ben-Moshe is best known for her theories of dis-epistemology, genealogy of deinstitutionalization, and race-ability.
Are Prisons Obsolete? by Angela Y. Davis is a nonfiction book published in 2003 by Seven Stories Press that advocates for the abolition of the prison system. The book examines the evolution of carceral systems from their earliest incarnation to the all-consuming modern prison industrial complex. Davis argues that incarceration fails to reform those it imprisons, instead systematically profiting from the exploitation of prisoners. The book explores potential alternatives to the prison system that could transform the justice system from a punitive instrument of control and retribution into a tool capable of changing lives for the better through a combination of autobiography and academic examination. It is a core text in the prison abolition movement.
Jackie Wang is an American poet and scholar of the political economy of prisons and surveillance. In 2021 she was a National Book Award finalist in poetry for her book The Sunflower Cast A Spell To Save Us From The Void.
Reuben Jonathan Miller is an American writer, sociologist, criminologist and social worker from Chicago, Illinois. He teaches at the University of Chicago in the Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice and in the Department of Race, Diaspora, and Indigeneity. He is also a research professor at the American Bar Foundation.
Criminal menopause is an informal term describing a decrease in anti-social behavior that correlates with human aging. In the United States, for example, people over 60 years are responsible for less than one percent of crime. Another study found that only two percent of convicts paroled after age 55 are ever imprisoned again. The term criminal menopause alludes the human female biological process of menopause, in which ovulation and menstruation slow and then cease, eventually resulting in natural infecundity. There is no generally accepted method for assessing whether or not a convicted criminal has entered a state of criminal menopause.
References
- ↑ Gottschalk, Marie (1989). "The Failure of American Policy". World Policy Journal. 6 (4): 667–684. ISSN 0740-2775. JSTOR 40209129.
- ↑ McCarthy, Colman (March 17, 1991). "When the Media Danced to Jingo Bells". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved January 11, 2020.
- ↑ Gottschalk, Marie (1992). "Operation Desert Cloud: The Media and the Gulf War". World Policy Journal. 9 (3): 449–486. ISSN 0740-2775. JSTOR 40209262.
- ↑ Gottschalk, Marie (June 1, 1999). The Shadow Welfare State: Labor, Business, and the Politics of Health-care in the United States. pp. 489–529. doi:10.1215/03616878-24-3-489. ISBN 978-0-8014-8648-7. PMID 10386325 . Retrieved January 11, 2020.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - 1 2 "Marie Gottschalk". University of Pennsylvania Political Science Department. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
- 1 2 3 Imburgia, Stephen (January 26, 2017). "This Penn professor was cited in a SCOTUS decision and featured in an Oscar-nominated film". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
- 1 2 3 Gottschalk, Marie (2006). The prison and the gallows: the politics of mass incarceration in America. Cambridge University Press. p. 451. ISBN 0521864275. OCLC 452916038.
- 1 2 Gottschalk, Marie (June 15, 2008). "Hiding in Plain Sight: American Politics and the Carceral State". Annual Review of Political Science . 11: 235–260. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060606.135218 .
- ↑ Gottschalk, Marie (2014), Caught , ISBN 978-0691164052, OCLC 900396421
- 1 2 3 Gottschalk, Marie (2016). Caught: the Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics. Princeton University Press.
- ↑ Binyamin, Appelbaum (September 4, 2014). "Fed Says Growth Lifts the Affluent, Leaving Behind Everyone Else". The New York Times . Retrieved September 13, 2014.
- ↑ Chokshi, Niraj (August 11, 2014). "Income inequality seems to be rising in more than 2 in 3 metro areas". The Washington Post . Retrieved September 13, 2014.
- ↑ Simon, Jonathan (February 3, 2007). Governing Through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804002-6.
- ↑ Pager, Devah (2008-09-15). Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-64485-1.
- ↑ Gottschalk, Marie (2000). The Shadow Welfare State: Labor, Business, and the Politics of Health-care in the United States. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8648-7.
- ↑ Aman, Alfred C (2015). "Prison Privatization and Inmate Labor in the Global Economy: Reframing the Debate over Private Prisons": 55.
Marie Gottschalk in Hiding in Plain Sight drew attention to the "absence of rehabilitation from [2015] current discourses of incarceration."
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - 1 2 3 Enns, Peter K. (March 22, 2016). Incarceration Nation: How the United States Became the Most Punitive Democracy in the World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-13288-7 . Retrieved January 11, 2020.
- 1 2 Manohla Dargis, "Review: ‘13TH,’ the Journey From Shackles to Prison Bars", The New York Times, September 29, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017
- ↑ Howard Barish, Ava DuVernay, Spencer Averick (September 30, 2016). 13th. Netflix.
- ↑ Gottschalk, Marie (16 February 2016). Caught. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691170831 . Retrieved 2017-10-21.
