In theoretical physics,twistor theory was proposed by Roger Penrose in 1967 as a possible path to quantum gravity and has evolved into a widely studied branch of theoretical and mathematical physics. Penrose's idea was that twistor space should be the basic arena for physics from which space-time itself should emerge. It has led to powerful mathematical tools that have applications to differential and integral geometry,nonlinear differential equations and representation theory,and in physics to general relativity,quantum field theory,and the theory of scattering amplitudes. Twistor theory arose in the context of the rapidly expanding mathematical developments in Einstein's theory of general relativity in the late 1950s and in the 1960s and carries a number of influences from that period. In particular,Roger Penrose has credited Ivor Robinson as an important early influence in the development of twistor theory,through his construction of so-called Robinson congruences.
Revaz Dogonadze was a notable Georgian scientist,Corresponding Member of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS) (1982),Doctor of Physical &Mathematical Sciences (1966),Professor (1972),one of the founders of quantum electrochemistry,
In physics,a dimensionless physical constant is a physical constant that is dimensionless,i.e. a pure number having no units attached and having a numerical value that is independent of whatever system of units may be used.
Seth Lloyd is a professor of mechanical engineering and physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
In physics,topological order is a kind of order in the zero-temperature phase of matter. Macroscopically,topological order is defined and described by robust ground state degeneracy and quantized non-Abelian geometric phases of degenerate ground states. Microscopically,topological orders correspond to patterns of long-range quantum entanglement. States with different topological orders cannot change into each other without a phase transition.
The percolation threshold is a mathematical concept in percolation theory that describes the formation of long-range connectivity in random systems. Below the threshold a giant connected component does not exist;while above it,there exists a giant component of the order of system size. In engineering and coffee making,percolation represents the flow of fluids through porous media,but in the mathematics and physics worlds it generally refers to simplified lattice models of random systems or networks (graphs),and the nature of the connectivity in them. The percolation threshold is the critical value of the occupation probability p,or more generally a critical surface for a group of parameters p1,p2,...,such that infinite connectivity (percolation) first occurs.
In surface science,a double layer is a structure that appears on the surface of an object when it is exposed to a fluid. The object might be a solid particle,a gas bubble,a liquid droplet,or a porous body. The DL refers to two parallel layers of charge surrounding the object. The first layer,the surface charge,consists of ions which are adsorbed onto the object due to chemical interactions. The second layer is composed of ions attracted to the surface charge via the Coulomb force,electrically screening the first layer. This second layer is loosely associated with the object. It is made of free ions that move in the fluid under the influence of electric attraction and thermal motion rather than being firmly anchored. It is thus called the "diffuse layer".
Serge Fedorovich Timashev is a Russian scientist performing research for USPolyResearch. He is best known for his work in flicker-noise spectroscopy,physical chemistry,kinetics of chemical processes,quantum physics (semiconductors),and Earth/space science.
Patrick A. Lee is a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Xiao-Gang Wen is a Chinese-American physicist. He is a Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Distinguished Visiting Research Chair at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. His expertise is in condensed matter theory in strongly correlated electronic systems. In Oct. 2016,he was awarded the Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize.
In particle physics,W′and Z′bosons refer to hypothetical gauge bosons that arise from extensions of the electroweak symmetry of the Standard Model. They are named in analogy with the Standard Model W and Z bosons.
Maya Paczuski is the head and founder of the Complexity Science Group at the University of Calgary. She is a well-cited physicist whose work spans self-organized criticality,avalanche dynamics,earthquake,and complex networks. She was born in Israel in 1963,but grew up in the United States. Maya Paczuski received a B.S. and M.S. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from M.I.T. in 1986 and then went on to study with Mehran Kardar,earning her Ph.D in Condensed matter physics from the same institute.
In theoretical physics,the logarithmic Schrödinger equation is one of the nonlinear modifications of Schrödinger's equation. It is a classical wave equation with applications to extensions of quantum mechanics,quantum optics,nuclear physics,transport and diffusion phenomena,open quantum systems and information theory,effective quantum gravity and physical vacuum models and theory of superfluidity and Bose–Einstein condensation. Its relativistic version was first proposed by Gerald Rosen. It is an example of an integrable model.
Mechanical metamaterials are artificial materials with mechanical properties that are defined by their mesostructure in addition to than their composition. They can be seen as a counterpart to the rather well-known family of optical metamaterials. They are often also termed elastodynamic metamaterials and include acoustic metamaterials as a special case of vanishing shear. Their mechanical properties can be designed to have values which cannot be found in nature.
Interatomic potentials are mathematical functions to calculate the potential energy of a system of atoms with given positions in space. Interatomic potentials are widely used as the physical basis of molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations in computational chemistry,computational physics and computational materials science to explain and predict materials properties. Examples of quantitative properties and qualitative phenomena that are explored with interatomic potentials include lattice parameters,surface energies,interfacial energies,adsorption,cohesion,thermal expansion,and elastic and plastic material behavior,as well as chemical reactions.
Dynamic scaling is a litmus test that shows whether an evolving system exhibits self-similarity. In general a function is said to exhibit dynamic scaling if it satisfies:
Adrian Kent is a British theoretical physicist,Professor of Quantum Physics at the University of Cambridge,member of the Centre for Quantum Information and Foundations,and Distinguished Visiting Research Chair at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. His research areas are the foundations of quantum theory,quantum information science and quantum cryptography. He is known as the inventor of relativistic quantum cryptography. In 1999 he published the first unconditionally secure protocols for bit commitment and coin tossing,which were also the first relativistic cryptographic protocols. He is a co-inventor of quantum tagging,or quantum position authentication,providing the first schemes for position-based quantum cryptography. In 2005 he published with Lucien Hardy and Jonathan Barrett the first security proof of quantum key distribution based on the no-signalling principle.
Alessio Zaccone is an Italian physicist.
John Martin Kolinski is an American engineer. He is a professor at EPFL and the head of the Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics of Soft Interfaces (EMSI) at EPFL's School of Engineering.
Giorgio Kaniadakis a Greek-Italian physicist,is a Full Professor of Theoretical Physics at Politecnico di Torino,Italy,and is credited with introducing the concept of Kaniadakis entropy and what is known as Kaniadakis statistics.
