Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
Author	John von Neumann
Original title	Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik
Language	German
Subject	Quantum mechanics
Published	1932
Publisher	Springer
Publication place	Berlin, Germany

Last updated November 24, 2024

Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (German : Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik) is a quantum mechanics book written by John von Neumann in 1932. It is an important early work in the development of the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics.^[1] The book mainly summarizes results that von Neumann had published in earlier papers.^[2]

Publication history

The book was originally published in German in 1932 by Springer.^[2] An English translation by Robert T. Beyer was published in 1955 by Princeton University Press. A Russian translation, edited by Nikolay Bogolyubov, was published by Nauka in 1964. A new English edition, edited by Nicholas A. Wheeler, was published in 2018 by Princeton University Press.^[3]

No hidden variables proof

One significant passage is its mathematical argument against the idea of hidden variables. Von Neumann's claim rested on the assumption that any linear combination of Hermitian operators represents an observable and the expectation value of such combined operator follows the combination of the expectation values of the operators themselves.^[4]

Von Neumann's makes the following assumptions:^[5]

For an observable $R$ , a function $f$ of that observable is represented by $f(R)$ .
For the sum of observables $R$ and $S$ is represented by the operation $R+S$ , independently of the mutual commutation relations.
The correspondence between observables and Hermitian operators is one to one.
If the observable $R$ is a non-negative operator, then its expected value $\langle R\rangle \geq 0$ .
Additivity postulate: For arbitrary observables $R$ and $S$ , and real numbers $a$ and $b$ , we have $\langle aR+bS\rangle =a\langle R\rangle +b\langle S\rangle$ for all possible ensembles.

Von Neumann then shows that one can write

\langle R\rangle =\sum _{m,n}\rho _{nm}R_{mn}=\mathrm {Tr} (\rho R)

for some $\rho$ , where $R_{mn}$ and $\rho _{nm}$ are the matrix elements in some basis. The proof concludes by noting that $\rho$ must be Hermitian and non-negative definite ( $\langle \rho \rangle \geq 0$ ) by construction.^[5] For von Neumann, this meant that the statistical operator representation of states could be deduced from the postulates. Consequently, there are no "dispersion-free" states:^[a] it is impossible to prepare a system in such a way that all measurements have predictable results. But if hidden variables existed, then knowing the values of the hidden variables would make the results of all measurements predictable, and hence there can be no hidden variables.^[5] Von Neumann's argues that if dispersion-free states were found, assumptions 1 to 3 should be modified.^[6]

Von Neumann's concludes:^[7]

if there existed other, as yet undiscovered, physical quantities, in addition to those represented by the operators in quantum mechanics, because the relations assumed by quantum mechanics would have to fail already for the by now known quantities, those that we discussed above. It is therefore not, as is often assumed, a question of a re-interpretation of quantum mechanics, the present system of quantum mechanics would have to be objectively false, in order that another description of the elementary processes than the statistical one be possible.
— pp. 324-325

Rejection

This proof was rejected as early as 1935 by Grete Hermann who found a flaw in the proof.^[6] The additive postulate above holds for quantum states, but it does not need to apply for measurements of dispersion-free states, specifically when considering non-commuting observables.^[5]^[4] Dispersion-free states only require to recover additivity when averaging over the hidden parameters.^[5]^[4] For example, for a spin-1/2 system, measurements of $(\sigma _{x}+\sigma _{y})$ can take values $\pm {\sqrt {2}}$ for a dispersion-free state, but independent measurements of $\sigma _{x}$ and $\sigma _{y}$ can only take values of $\pm 1$ (their sum can be $\pm 2$ or ⁠ $0$ ⁠).^[8] Thus there still the possibility that a hidden variable theory could reproduce quantum mechanics statistically.^[4]^[5]^[6]

However, Hermann's critique remained relatively unknown until 1974 when it was rediscovered by Max Jammer.^[6] In 1952, David Bohm constructed the Bohmian interpretation of quantum mechanics in terms of statistical argument, suggesting a limit to the validity of von Neumann's proof.^[5]^[4] The problem was brought back to wider attention by John Stewart Bell in 1966.^[4]^[5] Bell showed that the consequences of that assumption are at odds with results of incompatible measurements, which are not explicitly taken into von Neumann's considerations.^[5]

Reception

It was considered the most complete book written in quantum mechanics at the time of release.^[2] It was praised for its axiomatic approach.^[2]

Works adapted in the book

von Neumann, J. (1927). "Mathematische Begründung der Quantenmechanik [Mathematical Foundation of Quantum Mechanics]". Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse: 1–57.
von Neumann, J. (1927). "Wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischer Aufbau der Quantenmechanik [Probabilistic Theory of Quantum Mechanics]". Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse: 245–272.
von Neumann, J. (1927). "Thermodynamik quantenmechanischer Gesamtheiten [Thermodynamics of Quantum Mechanical Quantities]". Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse. 102: 273–291.
von Neumann, J. (1929). "Allgemeine Eigenwerttheorie Hermitescher Funktionaloperatoren [General Eigenvalue Theory of Hermitian Functional Operators]". Mathematische Annalen: 49–131. doi:10.1007/BF01782338.
von Neumann, J. (1931). "Die Eindeutigkeit der Schrödingerschen Operatoren [The uniqueness of Schrödinger operators]". Mathematische Annalen. 104: 570–578. doi:10.1007/bf01457956. S2CID 120528257.

Notes

↑ A dispersion-free state $|\psi \rangle$ has the property $\sigma _{R}=\langle \psi |R^{2}|\psi \rangle -\langle \psi |R|\psi \rangle ^{2}=0$ for all $R$ (eigenstate or not).

Related Research Articles

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Bell's theorem is a term encompassing a number of closely related results in physics, all of which determine that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden-variable theories, given some basic assumptions about the nature of measurement. "Local" here refers to the principle of locality, the idea that a particle can only be influenced by its immediate surroundings, and that interactions mediated by physical fields cannot propagate faster than the speed of light. "Hidden variables" are supposed properties of quantum particles that are not included in quantum theory but nevertheless affect the outcome of experiments. In the words of physicist John Stewart Bell, for whom this family of results is named, "If [a hidden-variable theory] is local it will not agree with quantum mechanics, and if it agrees with quantum mechanics it will not be local."

The Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation that governs the wave function of a non-relativistic quantum-mechanical system. Its discovery was a significant landmark in the development of quantum mechanics. It is named after Erwin Schrödinger, who postulated the equation in 1925 and published it in 1926, forming the basis for the work that resulted in his Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wave function</span> Mathematical description of quantum state

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References

↑ Van Hove, Léon (1958). "Von Neumann's contributions to quantum theory". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 64 (3): 95–100. doi: 10.1090/s0002-9904-1958-10206-2 .
1 2 3 4 Margenau, Henry (1933). "Book Review: Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 39 (7): 493–495. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9904-1933-05665-3 . MR 1562667.
1 2 John von Neumann (2018). Nicholas A. Wheeler (ed.). Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. New Edition. Translated by Robert T. Beyer. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400889921.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Bell, John S. (1966-07-01). "On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics". Reviews of Modern Physics. 38 (3): 447–452. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.38.447. ISSN 0034-6861.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ballentine, L. E. (1970-10-01). "The Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics". Reviews of Modern Physics. 42 (4): 358–381. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.42.358. ISSN 0034-6861.
1 2 3 4 Mermin, N. David; Schack, Rüdiger (2018). "Homer Nodded: Von Neumann's Surprising Oversight". Foundations of Physics. 48 (9): 1007–1020. doi:10.1007/s10701-018-0197-5. ISSN 0015-9018.
↑ Albertson, James (1961-08-01). "Von Neumann's Hidden-Parameter Proof". American Journal of Physics. 29 (8): 478–484. doi:10.1119/1.1937816. ISSN 0002-9505.
↑ Bub, Jeffrey (2010). "Von Neumann's 'No Hidden Variables' Proof: A Re-Appraisal". Foundations of Physics. 40 (9–10): 1333–1340. doi:10.1007/s10701-010-9480-9. ISSN 0015-9018.

External links

Full online text of the 1932 German edition (facsimile) at the University of Göttingen.

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[6] A dispersion-free state $|\psi \rangle$ has the property $\sigma _{R}=\langle \psi |R^{2}|\psi \rangle -\langle \psi |R|\psi \rangle ^{2}=0$ for all $R$ (eigenstate or not).

[VanHove-1] Van Hove, Léon (1958). "Von Neumann's contributions to quantum theory". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 64 (3): 95–100. doi: 10.1090/s0002-9904-1958-10206-2 .

[:2-2] 1 2 3 4 Margenau, Henry (1933). "Book Review: Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 39 (7): 493–495. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9904-1933-05665-3 . MR 1562667.

[:1-3] 1 2 John von Neumann (2018). Nicholas A. Wheeler (ed.). Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. New Edition. Translated by Robert T. Beyer. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400889921.

[:0-4] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bell, John S. (1966-07-01). "On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics". Reviews of Modern Physics. 38 (3): 447–452. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.38.447. ISSN 0034-6861.

[:3-5] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ballentine, L. E. (1970-10-01). "The Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics". Reviews of Modern Physics. 42 (4): 358–381. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.42.358. ISSN 0034-6861.

[:4-7] 1 2 3 4 Mermin, N. David; Schack, Rüdiger (2018). "Homer Nodded: Von Neumann's Surprising Oversight". Foundations of Physics. 48 (9): 1007–1020. doi:10.1007/s10701-018-0197-5. ISSN 0015-9018.

[8] Albertson, James (1961-08-01). "Von Neumann's Hidden-Parameter Proof". American Journal of Physics. 29 (8): 478–484. doi:10.1119/1.1937816. ISSN 0002-9505.

[9] Bub, Jeffrey (2010). "Von Neumann's 'No Hidden Variables' Proof: A Re-Appraisal". Foundations of Physics. 40 (9–10): 1333–1340. doi:10.1007/s10701-010-9480-9. ISSN 0015-9018.

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