Matrix-M

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Matrix-M is a vaccine adjuvant, a substances that is added to various vaccines to stimulate the immune response. [1] [2] [3] It was patented in 2020 by Novavax [4] and is composed of nanoparticles from saponins extracted from Quillaja saponaria (soapbark) trees, cholesterol, and phospholipids. [5] [6] [7] It is an immune stimulating complex (ISCOM), which are nanospheres formed when saponin is mixed with two types of fats. [8]

Adjuvants increase the body's immune response to a vaccine by creating higher levels of antibodies. [9] They can either enhance, modulate, and/or prolong the body's immune response, reducing the number of vaccinations needed for immunization. [10]

The Matrix-M adjuvant is used in a number of vaccine candidates, including the malaria vaccine R21/Matrix-M, [1] [11] influenza vaccines, [2] and in the approved Novavax COVID-19 vaccine. [5] [12] In 2021, the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine candidate showed a 77% efficacy over a 12-month period. [11] [5] In influenza vaccine candidates, Matrix-M was shown to offer cross-protection against multiple strains of influenza. [12] [2] [3]

Novavax is also testing a combined flu and COVID-19 vaccine candidate with Matrix-M. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccine</span> Pathogen-derived preparation that provides acquired immunity to an infectious disease

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza vaccine</span> Vaccine against influenza

Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots, are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses. New versions of the vaccines are developed twice a year, as the influenza virus rapidly changes. While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that vaccination against influenza reduces sickness, medical visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Immunized workers who do catch the flu return to work half a day sooner on average. Vaccine effectiveness in those over 65 years old remains uncertain due to a lack of high-quality research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">QS-21</span> Plant extract

QS-21 is a purified plant extract used as a vaccine adjuvant. It is derived from the soap bark tree, which is native to the countries of Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. The crude drug is imported from Peru and Chile.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">H5N1 vaccine clinical trials</span> Clinical trials of influenza vaccine

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In immunology, an adjuvant is a substance that increases or modulates the immune response to a vaccine. The word "adjuvant" comes from the Latin word adiuvare, meaning to help or aid. "An immunologic adjuvant is defined as any substance that acts to accelerate, prolong, or enhance antigen-specific immune responses when used in combination with specific vaccine antigens."

Malaria vaccines are vaccines that prevent malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease which annually affects an estimated 247 million people worldwide and causes 619,000 deaths. The first approved vaccine for malaria is RTS,S, known by the brand name Mosquirix. As of April 2023, the vaccine has been given to 1.5 million children living in areas with moderate-to-high malaria transmission. It requires at least three doses in infants by age 2, and a fourth dose extends the protection for another 1–2 years. The vaccine reduces hospital admissions from severe malaria by around 30%.

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Immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) are spherical open cage-like structures (typically 40 nm in diameter) that are spontaneously formed when mixing together cholesterol, phospholipids and Quillaja saponins under a specific stoichiometry. The complex displays immune stimulating properties and is thus mainly used as a vaccine adjuvant in order to induce a stronger immune response and longer protection. A specific adjuvant based on ISCOM technology is Matrix-M.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Novavax</span> American biotechnology company

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Universal flu vaccine</span> Vaccine that prevents infection from all strains of the flu

A universal flu vaccine is a flu vaccine that is effective against all influenza strains regardless of the virus sub type, antigenic drift or antigenic shift. Hence it should not require modification from year to year. As of 2021 no universal flu vaccine had been approved for general use, several were in development, and one was in clinical trial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarah Gilbert</span> English vaccinologist (born 1962)

Dame Sarah Catherine Gilbert FRS is an English vaccinologist who is a Professor of Vaccinology at the University of Oxford and co-founder of Vaccitech. She specialises in the development of vaccines against influenza and emerging viral pathogens. She led the development and testing of the universal flu vaccine, which underwent clinical trials in 2011.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Novavax COVID-19 vaccine</span> Vaccine against COVID-19

The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Nuvaxovid and Covovax, among others, is a subunit COVID-19 vaccine developed by Novavax and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shabir Madhi</span> South African physician and professor

Shabir Ahmed Madhi is a South African physician who is professor of vaccinology and director of the South African Medical Research Council Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit at the University of the Witwatersrand, and National Research Foundation/Department of Science and Technology Research Chair in Vaccine Preventable Diseases. In January 2021, he was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of the Witwateratand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SCB-2019</span> Vaccine candidate against COVID-19

SCB-2019 is a protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine developed by Clover Biopharmaceuticals using an adjuvant from Dynavax technologies. Positive results of Phase I trials for the vaccine were published in The Lancet and the vaccine completed enrollment of 29,000 participants in Phase II/III trials in July 2021. In September 2021, SCB-2019 announced Phase III results showing 67% efficacy against all cases of COVID-19 and 79% efficacy against all cases of the Delta variant. Additionally, the vaccine was 84% effective against moderate cases and 100% effective against hospitalization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 vaccine clinical research</span> Clinical research to establish the characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines

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References

  1. 1 2 Datoo, Mehreen S.; Natama, Magloire H.; Somé, Athanase; Traoré, Ousmane; Rouamba, Toussaint; Bellamy, Duncan; Yameogo, Prisca; Valia, Daniel; Tegneri, Moubarak; Ouedraogo, Florence; Soma, Rachidatou (2021-05-15). "Efficacy of a low-dose candidate malaria vaccine, R21 in adjuvant Matrix-M, with seasonal administration to children in Burkina Faso: a randomised controlled trial". The Lancet. 397 (10287): 1809–1818. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00943-0. ISSN   0140-6736. PMC   8121760 . PMID   33964223.
  2. 1 2 3 Magnusson, Sofia E.; Reimer, Jenny M.; Karlsson, Karin H.; Lilja, Lena; Bengtsson, Karin Lövgren; Stertman, Linda (2013-03-25). "Immune enhancing properties of the novel Matrix-M adjuvant leads to potentiated immune responses to an influenza vaccine in mice". Vaccine. 31 (13): 1725–1733. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.01.039. ISSN   0264-410X. PMID   23384754.
  3. 1 2 "NanoFlu is on the FDA's Vaccine Fast-Track". www.precisionvaccinations.com. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  4. ↑ "US Patent for Highly efficient influenza matrix (M1) proteins Patent (Patent # 10,544,399 issued January 28, 2020) - Justia Patents Search". patents.justia.com. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
  5. 1 2 3 Satyanarayana, Megha (2021-08-17). "A new, powerful malaria vaccine may be on the horizon". cen.acs.org. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  6. ↑ "Is Old Vaccine Technology the Key to Hesitancy?". www.medpagetoday.com. 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  7. ↑ King2021-02-04T14:10:00+00:00, Anthony. "Covid vaccination efforts bolstered by trial results from J&J and Novavax". Chemistry World. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  8. ↑ Milicic, Anita (24 March 2021). "Adjuvants: the unsung heroes of vaccines". The Conversation. Retrieved 2021-10-28.
  9. ↑ "Moths and tree bark: How the Novavax vaccine works". www.nebraskamed.com. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  10. ↑ Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy; Partidos, Charalambos D.; Halmuthur, Sampath Kumar M.; Muller, Sylviane (September 2017). "An Overview of Novel Adjuvants Designed for Improving Vaccine Efficacy". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 38 (9): 771–793. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.06.002. ISSN   1873-3735. PMID   28668223. S2CID   205409092.
  11. 1 2 "Malaria vaccine becomes first to achieve WHO-specified 75 percent efficacy goal". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  12. 1 2 Borrell, Brendan (2020-10-21). "The Tree That Could Help Stop the Pandemic". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  13. ↑ Tribble, Sarah Jane (2021-07-20). "Novavax's effort to vaccinate the world, from zero to not quite warp speed". Quartz. Retrieved 2023-04-13.


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