Medical tricorder

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Smartphones may be used as medical tricorders; smartphone software and camera detect pulse from a fingertip using a technique similar to that of a pulse oximeters. Instant Heart Rate.png
Smartphones may be used as medical tricorders; smartphone software and camera detect pulse from a fingertip using a technique similar to that of a pulse oximeters.

A medical tricorder is a handheld [1] portable [2] scanning device to be used by consumers [3] to self-diagnose medical conditions [4] within seconds [3] and take basic vital measurements. While the device is not yet on the mass market, there are numerous reports of other scientists and inventors also working to create such a device as well as improve it. A common view is that it will be a general-purpose tool similar in functionality to a Swiss Army Knife to take health measurements such as blood pressure and temperature, and blood flow in a noninvasive way. [5] It would diagnose a person's state of health after analyzing the data, [1] either as a standalone device or as a connection to medical databases via an Internet connection.

Contents

The TV show Star Trek had a fictional Dr. McCoy who used a device called a tricorder to examine patients in an instant. The fictional device has spawned a search for its real-life equivalent. DeForest Kelley, Dr. McCoy, Star Trek.jpg
The TV show Star Trek had a fictional Dr. McCoy who used a device called a tricorder to examine patients in an instant. The fictional device has spawned a search for its real-life equivalent.

The idea of a medical tricorder comes from an imaginary device on the science fiction TV show Star Trek from the 1960s which featured fictional character Dr. Leonard McCoy using it to instantly diagnose medical conditions. [1] [3] [6] One description of the fictional device was as follows:

The medical tricorder has a detachable, high-resolution, hand-held scanner that sends life-sign information to the tricorder itself. It can check all vital organ functions, detect the presence of dangerous organisms, and human physiology. Its data banks also contain information on non-human races known to the Federation, thereby making it possible to treat other life-forms.

— report in the BBC [7]

Several reports suggest that there may be opposition to the development of such a device by national medical regulating authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration in the United States, as well as possible opposition by doctors unwilling to permit consumers to do extensive self-diagnosis which might result in inappropriate self-medication. [3] [8] There is agreement that such a device could bring huge increases in productivity and cost-savings, [3] and spur a billion dollar market. There are signs that over a hundred venture-capital firms have invested $1.1 billion in digital health technology in 2012. [3]

X Prize Competition

An inducement prize from Qualcomm of US$ 10,000,000, the Qualcomm Tricorder X Prize that was announced in 2012, has spurred the scientific and medical communities in a global competition. [9] featuring 230 teams from 30 countries [3] to create such a device. [1] The X Prize Foundation launched the Tricorder X PRIZE at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas and promised to award $10 million to the first team to build a medical tricorder. [10] According to the prize guidelines, the device should diagnose 15 different medical conditions, including a sore throat to sleep apnea to colon cancer. [8] The prize will be awarded partially on the basis of which invention has the most consumer friendly interface. [8] To win the prize, a successful medical tricorder will have to diagnose these conditions across "30 people in 3 days". [8]

Functions of a medical tricorder

There is agreement that a device should be able to do the following:

How it might work

The conception of a medical tricorder will be a general purpose scanner with many functions, including that of measuring temperatures like these digital thermometers. Koortsthermometers-AFEC-0120-Lot240901+Hartmann-0123-Lot3499.jpg
The conception of a medical tricorder will be a general purpose scanner with many functions, including that of measuring temperatures like these digital thermometers.

In 2012, there are devices built for medical professionals to analyze specific diseases or take specific health measurements, but there is not one all-purpose consumer device to diagnose a variety of conditions. [8] Numerous accounts speculate that the advent of high-power computer chips, cell-phone technology, and improved scanners means that such a device will likely be invented in the next few years. [8] There are devices now which can perform a single function analysis, such as a thermometer measuring bodily temperature, but the idea of a medical tricorder is that it should be able to perform a variety of basic yet important tasks. [3] For example, it may be possible to combine a high-power microscope with a cellphone and use it to analyze swab samples electronically. [3] Two electrodes on a device may measure heart action and serve as a portable electrocardiogram. [3] Glucose levels can be measured by sampling tiny blood samples. [3] It may analyze polarized light coming from a person's skin to reveal information about cancer or the healing of a wound. [2] Sensors may pick up on abnormalities with DNA as well as the presence of antibodies. [11] An ultrasonic probe can plug into a smartphone, allowing it to be used to create ultrasound images. [3] Medical tricorders may work by sensing "volatile organic compounds our bodies secrete" by some means of smell. [5] A second report confirms that sensitive electronic "noses" may detect infections such as pneumonia from a person's exhaled breaths. [11]

Similar devices

A handheld single-function electronic device to measure glucose levels of diabetics. Performing this and other tests would be one of the many functions of a medical tricorder. Device to check for diabetes 3.jpg
A handheld single-function electronic device to measure glucose levels of diabetics. Performing this and other tests would be one of the many functions of a medical tricorder.

There are reports that medical tricorders may emerge from "diagnostic medical apps" via Tablet Computers and smartphones. [12] Some existing smartphones have been used as medical devices in the sense that text reminders have been sent to a patient about prescription renewals, and downloadable apps allow cameras in cell phones to act as sensors to track heart and breathing rates. [3] One neurologist uses iPhone smartphone apps entitled Liftpulse and iSeismograph to diagnose and measure tremors in patients with Parkinson's disease. [13] Some apps take advantage of sensors built into the smartphone hardware, such as a microphone, camera, GPS, accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, proximity sensor, luxmeter, and sensors for temperature and humidity. [13] Physicians use a device called an otoscope to look inside the ear, and such a device could be made which clips onto an iPhone, according to one report. [3] There was a report that a tricorder to detect atmospheric analysis has been built. [5] There are reports of fitness scanners available which are worn on a person's wrist, which relay information such as heart rate. [14] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced a "standoff patient triage tool" which is laser-based which helps medics evaluate a patients' vital signs wirelessly from 40 feet (12 m) away. [15]

In the marketplace

There are reports of products in development and in the marketplace.

A hockey puck-shaped object that can apparently measure your temperature, heart rate, oximetry (blood oxygenation), run an electrocardiogram, gauge heart rate variability, clock pulse wave transit time (related to blood pressure), perform a urine analysis and calculate a metric Scanadu refers to (vaguely) as "stress." All you have to do to get these readings, urine analysis notwithstanding, is hold the Scout against your forehead for a few seconds.

— Matt Peckham in Time Tech, May 2013 [18]

The Scanadu Scout Medical Tricorder is a device straight out of the Star Trek. This device is packed with sensors ... bring the Tricorder in direct contact with your left temple for 10 seconds and it will analyse your vitals, including the temperature, heart rate, oximetry, ECG, respiratory rate, blood pressure, urine analysis and emotional stress level. The results of this analysis will be recorded and shown to you via a smartphone app.

— February 2014 in The New Indian Express [19]

Related Research Articles

Tricorder Fictional device

A tricorder is a science fiction prop designed for the Star Trek television series by Wah Chang. In the story universe the multifunction hand-held device performs sensor environment scans, data recording, and data analysis--hence the word "tricorder" to refer to the three functions of sensing, recording, and computing. In Star Trek stories the devices are issued by the fictional Starfleet organization.

Vital signs Group of the 4-6 important medical signs that indicate the status of the body’s vital functions

Vital signs are a group of the four to six most important medical signs that indicate the status of the body’s vital (life-sustaining) functions. These measurements are taken to help assess the general physical health of a person, give clues to possible diseases, and show progress toward recovery. The normal ranges for a person’s vital signs vary with age, weight, gender, and overall health.

Automated insulin delivery systems are automated systems designed to assist people with diabetes, primarily type 1, by automatically adjusting insulin delivery to help them control their blood glucose levels. Currently available systems can only deliver a single hormone- insulin. Other systems currently in development aim to improve on current systems by adding one or more additional hormones that can be delivered as needed, providing something closer to the endocrine functionality of a healthy pancreas.

Point-of-care testing is defined as medical diagnostic testing at or near the point of care—that is, at the time and place of patient care. This contrasts with the historical pattern in which testing was wholly or mostly confined to the medical laboratory, which entailed sending off specimens away from the point of care and then waiting hours or days to learn the results, during which time care must continue without the desired information.

Masimo American healthcare company

Masimo is a global medical technology company that develops, manufactures, and markets a variety of noninvasive patient monitoring technologies, hospital automation solutions, home monitoring devices, ventilation solutions, and consumer products. Masimo is based in Irvine, California. The company's core measurement technologies are pulse oximetry, alongside advanced Pulse CO-Oximetry measurements, brain function monitoring, regional oximetry, acoustic respiration rate monitoring, capnography, nasal high-flow respiratory support therapy, patient position and activity tracking, and neuromodulation technology for the reduction of symptoms associated with opioid withdrawal. Masimo was founded in 1989 by electrical engineer Joe Kiani, who was later joined by fellow engineer Mohamed Diab.

Wearable technology Clothing and accessories incorporating computer and advanced electronic technologies

Wearable technology, wearables, fashion technology, smartwear, tech togs, streetwear tech, skin electronics or fashion electronics are smart electronic devices that are worn close to and/or on the surface of the skin, where they detect, analyze, and transmit information concerning e.g. body signals such as vital signs, and/or ambient data and which allow in some cases immediate biofeedback to the wearer.

Withings is a French consumer electronics company headquartered in Issy-les-Moulineaux, France. It also has offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and Hong Kong, and distributes its products worldwide. Withings is known for design and innovation in connected devices, such as the first Wi-Fi scale on the market, an FDA-cleared blood pressure monitor, a smart sleep system, and a line of automatic activity tracking watches. It also provides B2B solutions for healthcare providers and researchers.

EarlySense

EarlySense is an Israeli medical device company with US offices. The company was founded in 2004 by Dr. Danny Lange, Yossi Gross, and Avner Halperin, and the CEO is Matt Johnson.

The Qualcomm Tricorder XPRIZE was an inducement prize contest announced on May 10, 2011, sponsored by Qualcomm Foundation. It officially launched on January 10, 2012. The $10 million prize is awarded for creating a mobile device that can "diagnose patients better than or equal to a panel of board certified physicians". The name is taken from the tricorder device in Star Trek which can be used to instantly diagnose ailments.

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Activity tracker Device or application for monitoring fitness

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Chung-Kang Peng

Chung-Kang Peng is the Director of the Center for Dynamical Biomarkers at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center / Harvard Medical School (BIDMC/HMS). Under his direction the Center for Dynamical Biomarkers researches fundamental theories and novel computational algorithms for characterizing physiological states in terms of their dynamical properties. He is also currently the K.-T. Li Visiting Chair Professor at National Central University (NCU), Visiting Chair Professor at National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) in Taiwan, and Visiting Professor at China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences in China. During 2012–2014, he served as the founding Dean of the College of Health Sciences and Technology at NCU in Taiwan.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Frank Simons of Reuters (April 13, 2012). "Scientist beams up a real "Star Trek" tricorder". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  2. 1 2 Michael Pollitt (5 September 2007). "Boldly going where no mass spectrometer has gone before: Scientists are building a sensing device that comes close to Spock's tricorder and which could speed up the analysis of materials". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "The dream of the medical tricorder: Medical technology: The hand-held diagnostic devices seen on "Star Trek" are inspiring a host of medical add-ons for smartphones". The Economist. December 1, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Torie Bosch (Jan 10, 2012). "Inspired by Star Trek, $10 Million X-Prize Searches for Real-Life Tricorder". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  5. 1 2 3 Corrinne Burns (19 October 2012). "Star Trek technology: how 21st century scientists are making it so: Many have been inspired by Star Trek to become scientists, and some are starting to make its gadgetry a reality". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  6. ↑ SONIA ZJAWINSKI (September 23, 2009). "Look What's on Display at Gizmodo's Gallery: Gadgetwise". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  7. ↑ "'Star Trek' - The Tricorder". BBC. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Charles Arthur (12 January 2012). "CES 2012: heal me up, Scotty: The X Prize Foundation is hoping to bring devices out of the realm of science fiction that can instantly diagnose illnesses". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  9. ↑ Marketwire (October 22, 2012). "Five Star Trek Captains Mind Meld About the Tricorder Becoming a Reality". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Star Trek tricorder inspires new X Prize contest". CBC News. Jan 12, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  11. 1 2 Charles Petit (November 23, 1997). "Brave New Medicine: Wondrous technology could bring back the house call". US News. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  12. ↑ Dominic Basulto (June 14, 2012). "The Supreme Court's health-care innovation moment". Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  13. 1 2 Daniel Dern, May 16, 2014, Beta Boston, Who needs a Tricorder? Apps and add-ons put a doctor in your pocket Archived 2014-05-31 at the Wayback Machine , Accessed May 31, 2014
  14. ↑ Mark Baard (June 6, 2011). "Tokyoflash's Kisai RPM Acetate shines". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  15. ↑ Jennifer Ouellette (July 19, 2009). "Hollywood Science Fiction Can't Keep Up With Science". Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  16. ↑ 8 July 2014, Oliver Franklin, Wired magazine, Fabien Cousteau follows in this grandfather's flippers, Accessed July 28, 2014, "...equipment will include a Scanadu Scout medical tricorder..."
  17. ↑ Matt Brian, The Verge, July 23, 2013, Scanadu Scout 'medical tricorder' for smartphones breaks crowdfunding record, Accessed July 28, 2014
  18. ↑ Matt Peckham, Time Tech, May 24, 2013, A Star Trek Tricorder? ‘Scanadu Scout’ Health Monitor Surges Past Indiegogo Funding Goal: Remember Star Trek's tricorder? Someone's making the early 21st century version of one, Accessed June 26, 2013
  19. ↑ Express News Service, 25th May 2014, The New Indian Express, Hot Gadgets to Beat the Heat this Summer, Accessed May 31, 2014
  20. ↑ Chris Tighe and Andrew Bounds, Financial Times, May 18, 2014, Biomedical start-ups benefit from dose of northern exposure, Accessed May 31, 2014, "... QuantuMDx, a biotechnology company developing a “handheld laboratory” that can give malaria test results in 15 minutes..."
  21. ↑ Allison Proffitt, February 12, 2014, Bio-IT World, QuantuMDx Launches MolDx Indiegogo Campaign, Accessed March 12, 2014
  22. ↑ Marie Ellis, 15 May 2014, Medical News Today, WHO: two confirmed US MERS cases, but still 'no public health emergency', Accessed May 31, 2014, "...a company called QuantuMDx Group has sought to tackle the issue of outbreaks with their new device, called the Q-POC..."
  23. ↑ Christine Gorman, Jun 1, 2014, Scientific American, A Surveillance Network We Could Learn to Love: Universal biosensors could save lives by spotting disease outbreaks earlier than ever before, Accessed May 31, 2014
  24. ↑ "'Silicon Valley arrogance'? Google misfires as it strives to turn Star Trek technology into reality". 6 June 2016.
  25. ↑ "www.clarbrunovedruccio.it". www.clarbrunovedruccio.it.
  26. ↑ "TRIMPROB - Dizionario medico - Corriere.it". www.corriere.it.
  27. ↑ "Taking a Quick Swipe at Cancer". Wired. July 5, 2003.
  28. ↑ TRIMProb
  29. ↑ Triage technology with a Star Trek twist
  30. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224585413_The_Berkeley_Tricorder_Ambulatory_Health_Monitoring
  31. ↑ "The Berkeley Tricorder is Now Open Source!". 5 January 2014.
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