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The 1968 United States presidential election was the 46th quadrennial presidential election,held on Tuesday,November 5,1968. The Republican nominee,former vice president Richard Nixon,defeated both the Democratic nominee,incumbent vice president Hubert Humphrey,and the American Independent Party nominee,former Alabama governor George Wallace.
David Dean Rusk was the United States secretary of state from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson,the second-longest serving Secretary of State after Cordell Hull from the Franklin Roosevelt administration. He had been a high government official in the 1940s and early 1950s,as well as the head of a leading foundation. He is cited as one of the two officers responsible for dividing the two Koreas at the 38th parallel.
McGeorge "Mac" Bundy was an American academic who served as the U.S. National Security Advisor to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 through 1966. He was president of the Ford Foundation from 1966 through 1979. Despite his career as a foreign-policy intellectual,educator,and philanthropist,he is best remembered as one of the chief architects of the United States' escalation of the Vietnam War during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.
The history of the United States from 1964 to 1980 includes the climax and end of the Civil Rights Movement;the escalation and ending of the Vietnam War;the drama of a generational revolt with its sexual freedoms and use of drugs;and the continuation of the Cold War,with its Space Race to put a man on the Moon. The economy was prosperous and expanding until the recession of 1969–70,then faltered under new foreign competition and the 1973 oil crisis. American society was polarized by the ultimately futile war and by antiwar and antidraft protests,as well as by the shocking Watergate affair,which revealed corruption and gross misconduct at the highest level of government. By 1980 and the seizure of the American Embassy in Iran,including a failed rescue attempt by U.S. armed forces,there was a growing sense of national malaise.
James William Fulbright was an American politician,academic,and statesman who represented Arkansas in the United States Senate from 1945 until his resignation in 1974. As of 2023,Fulbright is the longest serving chairman in the history of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. He is best known for his strong multilateralist positions on international issues,opposition to American involvement in the Vietnam War,and the creation of the international fellowship program bearing his name,the Fulbright Program.
William Anthony Kirsopp Lake is an American diplomat and political advisor who served as the 17th United States National Security Advisor from 1993 to 1997 and as the sixth Executive Director of UNICEF from 2010 to 2017.
Vietnamization was a failed policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to "expand,equip,and train South Vietnamese forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role,at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops". Brought on by the Viet Cong's Tet Offensive,the policy referred to U.S. combat troops specifically in the ground combat role,but did not reject combat by the U.S. Air Force,as well as the support to South Vietnam,consistent with the policies of U.S. foreign military assistance organizations. U.S. citizens' mistrust of their government that had begun after the offensive worsened with the release of news about U.S. soldiers massacring civilians at My Lai (1968),the invasion of Cambodia (1970),and the leaking of the Pentagon Papers (1971).
Robert A. Dallek is an American historian specializing in the presidents of the United States,including Franklin D. Roosevelt,John F. Kennedy,Lyndon B. Johnson,and Richard Nixon. He retired as a history professor at Boston University in 2004 and previously taught at Columbia University,the University of California,Los Angeles (UCLA),and Oxford University. He won the Bancroft Prize for his 1979 book Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy,1932–1945 as well as other awards for scholarship and teaching.
This bibliography of Richard Nixon includes publications by Richard Nixon,the 37th president of the United States,and books and scholarly articles about him and his policies.
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The Lyndon B. Johnson bibliography includes major books and articles about President Lyndon B. Johnson,his life,and presidential administration. Kent B. Germany in his review of the historiography noted in 2009 that Johnson has been the subject of 250 Ph.D. dissertations,well over one hundred books,and many scholarly articles. The New York Times and the Washington Post published 7600 articles on him during his presidency. Only a select subgroup are listed here,chiefly those reviewed by the major scholarly journals.
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Alexander DeConde was a historian of United States diplomatic history. Raised in California,he attended San Francisco State College for his B.A. Following graduation in 1943,he attended the U.S. Naval Reserve Midshipmen School in Chicago,IL. He was assigned to the destroyer tender U.S.S. Whitney (AD-4),and was released from service in 1946. He received his M.A. (1947) and Ph.D (1949) from Stanford University,where he worked under the direction of Thomas A. Bailey. He taught at Stanford (1947-48),Whittier College (1948-52),and Duke University (1952-57). From 1957 to 1961,he was a professor of history at the University of Michigan. He subsequently joined the history department at the University of California at Santa Barbara,where he remained until his retirement in 1991. He helped to establish the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations together with Joseph P. O'Grady of LaSalle College (Philadelphia) and David M. Pletcher of Indiana University. DeConde served as the Society’s second president and remained actively involved in the organization for the rest of his career. He also held elected and committee roles in the Organization of American History,and served as vice president and president of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association.
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William Rea Keast was an American scholar and academic administrator who served as president of Wayne State University from 1965 to 1971.
The US foreign policy during the presidency of Richard Nixon (1969–1974) focused on reducing the dangers of the Cold War among the Soviet Union and China. President Richard Nixon's policy sought on détente with both nations,which were hostile to the U.S. and to each other in the wake of the Sino-Soviet split. He moved away from the traditional American policy of containment of communism,hoping each side would seek American favor. Nixon's 1972 visit to China ushered in a new era of U.S.-China relations and effectively removed China as a Cold War foe. The Nixon administration signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union and organized a conference that led to the signing of the Helsinki Accords after Nixon left office.
The United States foreign policy during the 1963-1969 presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson was dominated by the Vietnam War and the Cold War,a period of sustained geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. Johnson took over after the Assassination of John F. Kennedy,while promising to keep Kennedy's policies and his team.
Jeffrey P. Kimball is an American historian and emeritus professor at Miami University. Among the ideas that Kimball developed was the idea of a Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth. He also argued that threats to use nuclear weapons had not been effective at advancing the United States' foreign policy goals either in the Korean War,Vietnam War,or the First Taiwan Strait Crisis. Historian Luke Nichter wrote that Kimball's books "shaped future works,and these volumes on my shelves stand as a reminder that my own work on the Nixon tapes would not have happened without them". According to historian Ken Hughes,Kimball is "the leading scholar of the 'decent interval'":the idea that Nixon eventually settled for securing a "decent interval" before South Vietnamese defeat. Hughes regrets that Kimball's work is "virtually unknown" outside academia.
References
- ↑ "Antiwarriors – Melvin Small". Douglas I. Bell. 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
- ↑ "Faculty Listing: Melvin Small". Wayne State University . Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved 2023-04-07..
- ↑ Mugleston, William F. (2005-03-22). "Melvin Small. Antiwarriors: the Vietnam War and the Battle for America's Hearts and Minds". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods. 30 (1): 53–55.
- ↑ "New Nixon Tapes Reveal Details of Meeting With Anti-War Activists". PBS NewsHour . 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
- ↑ Carroll, John Martin; Herring, George C. (1996). Modern American Diplomacy. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8420-2555-3.
