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Alaric I was the first king of the Visigoths, from 395 to 410. He rose to leadership of the Goths who came to occupy Moesia—territory acquired a couple of decades earlier by a combined force of Goths and Alans after the Battle of Adrianople.
The Goths were Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe.
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The Heruli were one of the smaller Germanic peoples of Late Antiquity, known from records in the third to sixth centuries AD. The best recorded group of Heruli established a kingdom north of the Middle Danube, probably near present-day Vienna. It was a neighbour to several more small and short-lived kingdoms in the late 5th century AD and early 6th century, including those of the Scirii, Rugii and Gepids. After the conquest of this kingdom by the Lombards in 508, these Heruli split up and splinter groups moved to Sweden, Ostrogothic Italy, and present-day Serbia, which was under Eastern Roman control.
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Oium was a name for Scythia, or a fertile part of it, roughly in modern Ukraine, where the Goths, under a legendary King Filimer, settled after leaving Gothiscandza, according to the Getica by Jordanes, written around 551.
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Peter John Heather is a British historian of late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Heather is Chair of the Medieval History Department and Professor of Medieval History at King's College London. He specialises in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Goths, on which he for decades has been considered the world's leading authority.
Walter Pohl is an Austrian historian who is Professor of Auxiliary Sciences of History and Medieval History at the University of Vienna. He is a leading member of the Vienna School of History.
Walter Andre Goffart is a German-born American historian who specializes in Late Antiquity and the European Middle Ages. He taught for many years in the history department and Centre for Medieval Studies of the University of Toronto (1960–1999), and is currently a senior research scholar at Yale University. He is the author of monographs on a ninth-century forgery, late Roman taxation, four "barbarian" historians, and historical atlases.
The Goths, Gepids, Vandals, and Burgundians were East Germanic groups who appear in Roman records in late antiquity. At times these groups warred against or allied with the Roman Empire, the Huns, and various Germanic tribes.
Odotheus was a Greuthungi king who in 386 led an incursion into the Roman Empire. He was defeated and killed by the Roman general Promotus. His surviving people settled in Phrygia.
Herwig Wolfram is an Austrian historian who is Professor Emeritus of Medieval History and Auxiliary Sciences of History at the University of Vienna and the former Director of the Institute of Austrian Historical Research. He is a leading member of the Vienna School of History, and internationally known for his authoritative works on the history of Austria, the Goths, and relationships between the Germanic peoples and the Roman Empire.
The barbarian kingdoms were states founded by various non-Roman, primarily Germanic, peoples in Western Europe and North Africa following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century. The barbarian kingdoms were the principal governments in Western Europe in the Early Middle Ages. The time of the barbarian kingdoms is considered to have come to an end with Charlemagne's coronation as emperor in 800, though a handful of small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms persisted until being unified by Alfred the Great in 886.
The Vienna School of History is an influential school of historical thinking based at the University of Vienna. It is closely associated with Reinhard Wenskus, Herwig Wolfram and Walter Pohl. Partly drawing upon ideas from sociology and critical theory, scholars of the Vienna School have utilized the concept of ethnogenesis to reassess the notion of ethnicity as it applies to historical groups of peoples such as the Germanic tribes. Focusing on Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, the Vienna School has a large publishing output, and has had a major influence on the modern analysis of barbarian identity.
Concerning the origin of the Goths before the 3rd century, there is no consensus among scholars. It was in the 3rd century that the Goths began to be described by Roman writers as an increasingly important people north of the lower Danube and Black Sea, in the area of modern Romania, Republic of Moldova, and Ukraine. They replaced other peoples who had been dominant in the region, such as especially the Carpi. However, while some scholars, such as Michael Kulikowski, believe there is insufficient evidence to come to strong conclusions about their earlier origins, the most commonly accepted proposal is that the Goths known to the Romans were a people whose traditions derived to some extent from the Gutones who lived near the delta of the Vistula in what is now Poland. More speculatively, the Gutones may have been culturally related to the similarly named Gutes of Gotland and the Geats of southern Scandinavia.
References
- ↑ Kulikowski 2010, p. XVIII.
- ↑ "Victor Kulikowski Dies At 86" . Central New Jersey Home News . May 10, 1991. p. 20. Retrieved September 12, 2020– via Newspapers.com.
- 1 2 "Michael Kulikowski". Pennsylvania State University.
- 1 2 3 4 Ward-Perkins 2009, p. 296.
- ↑ Gillett 2003, p. X.
- ↑ Michael Kulikowski, "Coded Polemic in Ammianus Book 31 and the Date and Place of its Composition," Journal of Roman Studies 102,79–102, Abstract
- 1 2 Humphries 2007, p. 126.
- ↑ Ward-Perkins 2009 , p. 126
- ↑ Kulikowski, "The Notitia Dignitatum as an Historical Source," Historia49 (2000):358-77
- ↑ Kulikowski, "Roman Identity and the Visigothic Settlement in Gaul," in R.W. Mathisen and Danuta Shanzer, edd., Culture and Society in Late Antique Gaul (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishers) 2001:26-38
- ↑ Kulikowski, "The Marriage of Philology and Race: Constructing the Germanic," in Matthias Friedrich and James M. Harland, edd., Interrogating the Germanic: A Category and its Use in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Berlin: De Gruyter) 2021:19–30
- ↑ Kulikowski 2006, p. 70.
- ↑ Kulikowski 2002 , pp. 69–70. "The use of the term 'barbarian' is deliberate and surely non-pejorative. It is to be preferred programmatically to the noun 'German' and the adjective 'Germanic'. 'Germans' and 'Germanic peoples' are the legacy of nineteenth-century philology."
- 1 2 Kulikowski 2009 , pp. 1201–1202. "James is clearly correct in deciding to use "barbarian" as a technical term that avoids any implications about ethnicity... This is particularly welcome given the resurgence of "Germanic" as a catch-all term for northern barbarians... [T]he dogma of barbarian ethnogenesis—first brought into English-language scholarship by Patrick Geary and now the dominant approach to the barbarians among early medievalists—is really a way to bring long-distance migration from the Germanic north in by the back door."
- ↑ Kulikowski 2006 , p. 43. "[O]ne can find it stated that written sources, archaeology, and linguistic evidence all demonstrate that just such a migration took place, if not out of Scandinavia then at least out of Poland. In fact, there is just a single source for this extended story of Gothic migration, the Getica of Jordanes."
- ↑ Kulikowski 2006 , pp. 67, 212. "It is only the text of Jordanes that leads scholars to privilege the Wielbark connection... The Gotones mentioned in Tacitus, Germania 44.1 and located somewhere in what is now modern Poland would not be regarded as Goths if Jordanes' migration stories did not exist."
- ↑ Kulikowski 2011, p. 279.
- ↑ Kulikowski 2006 , p. 63. "Bierbrauer's simplistic ethnic ascription model is extreme, but only because it is articulated so clearly."
- ↑ Kulikowski 2006 , pp. 206, 208. "Peter Heather's Goths and Romans, 332–489 (Oxford, 1991) is the best treatment of its subject available in any language... Unfortunately, Heather's more recent works... [advocate a] neo-Romantic vision of mass migrations of free Germanic peoples... [Heather] lack[s] theoretical rigour in relating archaeological and historical evidence.
- ↑ Kulikowski 2006 , p. 206. "Herwig Wolfram's History of the Goths... is the most widely available [work on Gothic ethnogenesis in English]. Its mixture of outlandish philological speculation, faulty documentation, and oracular pronouncement remains very influential. Less bizarre, if wholly derivative, accounts of ethnogenesis are available in works by Wolfram's Anglophone apostles..."
- ↑ Kulikowski 2006, p. 206.
- 1 2 Humphries 2007, p. 128.
- ↑ Kulikowski 2006, p. 53.
- ↑ Kulikowski 2006, pp. 48–49, 60–61.
- ↑ Kulikowski 2006, p. 208.
- ↑ Kulikowski 2011, p. 278.
