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Alaric I was the first king of the Visigoths,from 395 to 410. He rose to leadership of the Goths who came to occupy Moesia—territory acquired a couple of decades earlier by a combined force of Goths and Alans after the Battle of Adrianople.
The Goths were Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe.
Jordanes,also written as Jordanis or Jornandes,was a 6th-century Eastern Roman bureaucrat widely believed to be of Gothic descent who became a historian later in life. Late in life he wrote two works,one on Roman history (Romana) and the other on the Goths (Getica). The latter,along with Isidore of Seville's Historia Gothorum,is one of only two extant ancient works dealing with the early history of the Goths.
The Ostrogoths were a Roman-era Germanic people. In the 5th century,they followed the Visigoths in creating one of the two great Gothic kingdoms within the Roman Empire,based upon the large Gothic populations who had settled in the Balkans in the 4th century,having crossed the Lower Danube. While the Visigoths had formed under the leadership of Alaric I,the new Ostrogothic political entity which came to rule Italy was formed in the Balkans under the influence of the Amal dynasty,the family of Theodoric the Great.
The Heruli were an early Germanic people. Possibly originating in Scandinavia,the Heruli are first mentioned by Roman authors as one of several "Scythian" groups raiding Roman provinces in the Balkans and the Aegean Sea,attacking by land,and notably also by sea. During this time they reportedly lived near the Sea of Azov.
The Rugii,Rogi or Rugians,were a Roman-era Germanic people. They were first clearly recorded by Tacitus,in his Germania who called them the Rugii,and located them near the south shore of the Baltic Sea. Some centuries later,they were considered one of the "Gothic" or "Scythian" peoples who were located in the Middle Danube region. Like several other Gothic peoples there,they possibly arrived in the area as allies of Attila until his death in 453. They settled in what is now Lower Austria after the defeat of the Huns at Nedao in 454.
The Migration Period,also known as the Barbarian Invasions,was a period in European history marked by large-scale migrations that saw the fall of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent settlement of its former territories by various tribes,and the establishment of the post-Roman kingdoms.
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Ermanaric was a Greuthungian Gothic king who before the Hunnic invasion evidently ruled a sizable portion of Oium,the part of Scythia inhabited by the Goths at the time. He is mentioned in two Roman sources:the contemporary writings of Ammianus Marcellinus,and in Getica by the sixth-century historian Jordanes. He also appears in a fictionalized form in later Germanic heroic legends.
The Chernyakhov culture,Cherniakhiv culture or Sântana de Mureș—Chernyakhov culture was an archaeological culture that flourished between the 2nd and 5th centuries CE in a wide area of Eastern Europe,specifically in what is now Ukraine,Romania,Moldova and parts of Belarus. The culture is thought to be the result of a multiethnic cultural mix of the Geto-Dacian,Sarmatian,and Gothic populations of the area. "In the past,the association of this [Chernyakhov] culture with the Goths was highly contentious,but important methodological advances have made it irresistible."
Oium was a name for Scythia,or a fertile part of it,roughly in modern Ukraine,where the Goths,under a legendary King Filimer,settled after leaving Gothiscandza,according to the Getica by Jordanes,written around 551.
The Gutones were a Germanic people who were reported by Roman era writers in the 1st and 2nd centuries to have lived in what is now Poland. The most accurate description of their location,by the geographer Ptolemy,placed them east of the Vistula river.
Walter Andre Goffart is a German-born American historian who specializes in Late Antiquity and the European Middle Ages. He taught for many years in the history department and Centre for Medieval Studies of the University of Toronto (1960–1999),and is currently a senior research scholar at Yale University. He is the author of monographs on a ninth-century forgery,late Roman taxation,four "barbarian" historians,and historical atlases.
The Goths,Gepids,Vandals,and Burgundians were East Germanic groups who appear in Roman records in late antiquity. At times these groups warred against or allied with the Roman Empire,the Huns,and various Germanic tribes.
The Greuthungi were a Gothic people who lived on the Pontic steppe between the Dniester and Don rivers in what is now Ukraine,in the 3rd and the 4th centuries. They had close contacts with the Tervingi,another Gothic people,who lived west of the Dniester River. To the east of the Greuthungi,living near the Don river,were the Alans.
Odotheus was a Greuthungi king who in 386 led an incursion into the Roman Empire. He was defeated and killed by the Roman general Promotus. His surviving people settled in Phrygia.
Michael Kulikowski is an American historian. He is Professor of History and Classics and Head of the History Department at Pennsylvania State University. Kulikowski specializes in the history of the western Mediterranean world of late antiquity. He is sometimes associated with the Toronto School of History and was a student of Walter Goffart.
The Vienna School of History is an influential school of historical thinking based at the University of Vienna. It is closely associated with Reinhard Wenskus,Herwig Wolfram and Walter Pohl. Partly drawing upon ideas from sociology and critical theory,scholars of the Vienna School have utilized the concept of ethnogenesis to reassess the notion of ethnicity as it applies to historical groups of peoples such as the Germanic tribes. Focusing on Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages,the Vienna School has a large publishing output,and has had a major influence on the modern analysis of barbarian identity.
Concerning the origin of the Goths before the 3rd century,there is no consensus among scholars. It was in the 3rd century that the Goths began to be described by Roman writers as an increasingly important people north of the lower Danube and Black Sea,in the area of modern Rumania,Moldava,and Ukraine. They replaced other peoples who had been dominant in the region,such as especially the Carpi. However,while some scholars,such as Michael Kulikowski,believe there is insufficient evidence to come to strong conclusions about their earlier origins,the most commonly accepted proposal is that the Goths known to the Romans were a people whose traditions derived to some extent from the Gutones who lived near the delta of the Vistula in what is now Poland. More speculatively,the Gutones may have been culturally related to the similarly named Gutes of Gotland and the Geats of southern Scandinavia.
References
- 1 2 Humphries 2007 , p. 126. "For about twenty years now, the study of the Goths in English has been associated, above all, with the name of Peter Heather... for the formative period of Romano-Gothic relations from the third century to the fifth, Heather's remains the most concerted contribution..."
- 1 2 King's College.
- 1 2 3 Contemporary Authors.
- ↑ Humphries 2007, p. 126.
- ↑ The Writer's Directory.
- 1 2 Kulikowski 2006 , pp. 206, 208. "Peter Heather's Goths and Romans, 332–489 (Oxford, 1991) is the best treatment of its subject available in any language... Unfortunately, Heather's more recent works... [advocate a] neo-Romantic vision of mass migrations of free Germanic peoples... [Heather] lack[s] theoretical rigour in relating archaeological and historical evidence.
- ↑ Murdoch 2004 , p. 166. "The best modern general history in English is Peter Heather's The Goths (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), replacing the pioneering one by Henry Bradley, The Goths (London:Fisher-Unwin, 1888)."
- ↑ Halsall 1999 , p. 132. "Heather... is a counter-revisionist, attempting to reinstate traditional views of Barbarian Migrations on more sophisticated foundations, using recent developments in archaeology, anthropology and history. His important book, in size and content, represents the best overview of a particular barbarian group... It clearly replaces H. Wolfram's History of the Goths..."
- ↑ Halsall 1999 , p. 134. "In his excellent Goths and Romans, Peter Heather demolished the idea that the Getica's picture of Gothic history could be projected further back than about 376 for the later Visigoths, or beyond the break-up of the Hunnic Empire for the Ostrogoths... However, Heather seems to have retreated slightly from his earlier position. Partly this is because he wishes to show that archaeology might indeed prove than Jordanes was right to trace Gothic origins to the Baltic. Consequently, perhaps, he seems readier than before to see genuine Gothic traditions among those employed by Ablabius, Cassiodorus and then Jordanes... His analyses irreparably damaged the Getica's value for Gothic 'prehistory' yet, to reinstate the Gothic migration from the Baltic, he has to accept the value of at least a kernel of Jordanes' account; he accepts this on the basis of a reading of archaeological data which is itself driven by the uncritical 'pre-Heatherian' interpretation of Jordanes."
- ↑ Humphries 2007, p. 129.
- 1 2 Kulikowski 2002, pp. 71–73.
- 1 2 Halsall 2007, pp. 19–20.
- ↑ Halsall 2007 , p. 472. "Peter Heather... sees the 'Germanic' ethnic units—the 'peoples'—of this period as largely constituted by a numerous and politically important stratum of freemen. The cohesion of this group acted as a check, he argues, on ethnic change, although it did not prevent it. This is an interesting and solidly argued case and not, in itself, implausible."
- ↑ Halsall 1999 , p. 139. "Heather refutes the idea of the Traditionskern, the core of tradition, 'borne' by a small, royal and aristocratic nucleus within the larger 'ethnic' group: myths which unified a greater body, composed of people of diverse origins... Heather deploys this refutation of the Traditionskern to argue that Gothic identity was not restricted to a small core but was widespread among a large body of freemen."
- ↑ Mason, Ian Garrick (27 August 2005). "The barbarians move in". The Spectator . Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ↑ Napier, William (3 July 2005). "The Fall of the Roman Empire by Peter Heather" . The Independent . Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ↑ Man, John (17 December 2005). "The barbarians move in". The Guardian . Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ↑ Law, Sally (11 June 2010). "Ask an Academic: The Fall of Rome". The New Yorker . Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ↑ Wood 2013, p. 311.
- ↑ Heather 2018, pp. 80–100.
- 1 2 Gillett 2017.
- ↑ Gillett 2017. "Heather's book was quickly championed, by British academics in particular, as a new, definitive narrative of the Fall of Rome..." Mischa Meier 2019, p. 35, however, challenges Heather's authority.
- ↑ Kulikowski 2002, p. 83.
- ↑ Kulikowski 2011, p. 278.
- ↑ Kulikowski 2006, p. 64.
- ↑ Halsall, Guy (15 July 2011). "Why do we need the Barbarians?". Historian on the Edge. Blogspot.com . Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ↑ Halsall 2014, p. 517.
