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Masculinity is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors. To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as anyone can exhibit masculine traits. Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods. It is traditionally contrasted with femininity.
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Pro-feminism refers to support of the cause of feminism without implying that the supporter is a member of the feminist movement. The term is most often used in reference to men who actively support feminism and its efforts to bring about the political, economic, cultural, personal, and social equality of women with men. A number of pro-feminist men are involved in political activism, most often in the areas of gender equality, women's rights, and ending violence against women.
Men's studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to topics concerning men, masculinity, gender, culture, politics and sexuality. It academically examines what it means to be a man in contemporary society.
Antifeminism, also spelled anti-feminism, is opposition to feminism. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, antifeminists opposed particular policy proposals for women's rights, such as the right to vote, educational opportunities, property rights, and access to birth control. In the mid and late 20th century, antifeminists often opposed the abortion-rights movement.
Michael Scott Kimmel is an American retired sociologist specializing in gender studies. He was Distinguished Professor of Sociology at Stony Brook University in New York and is the founder and editor of the academic journal Men and Masculinities. Kimmel is a spokesman of the National Organization for Men Against Sexism (NOMAS) and a longtime feminist. In 2013, he founded the Center for the Study of Men and Masculinities at Stony Brook University, where he is Executive Director. In 2018 he was publicly accused of sexual harassment. He filed for retirement while Title IX charges were pending; no charges were subsequently filed.
Sociology of gender is a subfield of sociology. As one of the most important social structures is status. One of the most important statuses an individual claims is gender. Public discourse and the academic literature generally use the term gender for the perceived or projected (self-identified) masculinity or femininity of a person.
The men's movement is a social movement that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, primarily in Western countries, which consists of groups and organizations of men and their allies who focus on gender issues and whose activities range from self-help and support to lobbying and activism.
The men's liberation movement is a social movement critical of the restraints which society imposes on men. Men's liberation activists are generally sympathetic to feminist standpoints.
Michael G. Flood is an Australian sociologist and a professor at the Queensland University of Technology School of Justice. Flood gained his doctorate in gender and sexuality studies from the Australian National University. His areas of research are on violence against women, fathering, pro-feminism, domestic violence, the effects of pornography on young people, safe sex among heterosexual men, men's movements as a backlash to the feminist movement, men's relationships with each other and with women, homophobia, men's health, and gender justice. He is a regular contributor to and is regularly quoted in the media on these and other issues.
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The social construction of gender is a theory in the humanities and social sciences about the manifestation of cultural origins, mechanisms, and corollaries of gender perception and expression in the context of interpersonal and group social interaction. Specifically, the social construction of gender theory stipulates that gender roles are an achieved "status" in a social environment, which implicitly and explicitly categorize people and therefore motivate social behaviors.
Rosalind Clair Gill is a British sociologist and feminist cultural theorist. She is currently Professor of Social and Cultural Analysis at City, University of London. Gill is author or editor of ten books, and numerous articles and chapters, and her work has been translated into Chinese, German, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish.
Michael Kaufman is a Canadian author, educator, and theorist focused on engaging men and boys to promote gender equality, end violence against women, and end self-destructive ideals of manhood. He co-founded the White Ribbon Campaign in 1991, the largest network of men working to ending violence against women worldwide. Michael Kaufman also co-founded the Men for Women's Choice campaign with Gordon Cleveland in 1989. He is a senior fellow of Instituto Promundo, an NGO based in Rio de Janeiro and Washington, D.C.
Susan "Sue" Speer C.Psychol, FHEA is a senior lecturer at the School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester.
The concept of toxic masculinity is used in academic and media discussions to refer to those aspects of hegemonic masculinity that are socially destructive, such as misogyny, homophobia, and violent domination. These traits are considered "toxic" due in part to their promotion of violence, including sexual assault and domestic violence. Socialization of boys sometimes also normalizes violence, such as in the saying "boys will be boys" about bullying and aggression.
References
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- ↑ Wood, Julia T.; Fixmer-Oraiz, Natalie (2015). Gendered lives: communication, gender, & culture (12th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781305280274.
- 1 2 Messner, Michael (1999). "Becoming 100 percent straight". In Coakley, Jay; Donnelly, Peter (eds.). Inside sports. London New York: Routledge. pp. 97–103. ISBN 9780415170895.
- 1 2 3 Messner, Michael A. (June 2011). "Gender ideologies, youth sports, and the production of soft essentialism". Sociology of Sport Journal . 28 (2). Human Kinetics Publishers: 151–170. doi:10.1123/ssj.28.2.151. Pdf.
- ↑ Kerr, Barbara A.; Multon, Karen D. (April 2015). "The development of gender identity, gender roles, and gender relations in gifted students". Journal of Counseling & Development . 93 (2). Wiley: 183–191. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2015.00194.x.
- 1 2 3 Reding, Andrew; et al. (1 March 2014). "The big question: How do sex and sexuality affect one's role in society?". World Policy Journal . 31 (1). Duke University Press: 3–8. doi:10.1177/0740277514529710. Pdf.
- ↑ El Feki, Shereen (2014). "Introduction". In El Feki, Shereen (ed.). Sex and the citadel: intimate life in a changing arab world. London: Vintage. p. xviii. ISBN 9780099526384.
- 1 2 Messner, Michael A.; Solomon, Nancy M. (May 2007). "Social justice and men's interests: the case of Title IX". Journal of Sport and Social Issues . 31 (2). SAGE: 162–178. doi:10.1177/0193723507301048. S2CID 145417637. Pdf.
- 1 2 3 Messner, Michael. "Home page". Michael Messner. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
- ↑ Messner, Michael A.; Cooky, Cheryl; Hextrum, Robin H. (September 2013). "Women play sport, but not on TV: a longitudinal study of televised news media". Communication & Sport. 1 (3). SAGE: 203–230. doi:10.1177/2167479513476947. S2CID 53321725. Pdf.
- ↑ Messner, Michael A. (2004). "On patriarchs and losers: rethinking men's interests". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 48. Regents of the University of California: 74–88. JSTOR 41035593. Pdf.
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