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Karen Elizabeth Boyle, is Professor of Feminist Media Studies at the University of Strathclyde, previously she was professor of Feminist Studies at the University of Stirling, and before that was a lecturer in film and television studies at the University of Glasgow. She has published a number of articles on feminism, violence and pornography.
The concept of toxic masculinity is used in academic and media discussions to refer to those aspects of hegemonic masculinity that are socially destructive, such as misogyny, homophobia and violent domination. These traits are considered "toxic" due in part to their promotion of violence, including sexual assault and domestic violence. Socialization of boys sometimes also normalizes violence, such as in the saying "boys will be boys" about bullying and aggression.
References
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- ↑ Wood, Julia T.; Fixmer-Oraiz, Natalie (2015). Gendered lives: communication, gender, & culture (12th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781305280274.
- 1 2 Messner, Michael (1999). "Becoming 100 percent straight". In Coakley, Jay; Donnelly, Peter (eds.). Inside sports. London New York: Routledge. pp. 97–103. ISBN 9780415170895.
- 1 2 3 Messner, Michael A. (June 2011). "Gender ideologies, youth sports, and the production of soft essentialism". Sociology of Sport Journal . Human Kinetics Publishers. 28 (2): 151–170. doi:10.1123/ssj.28.2.151. Pdf.
- ↑ Kerr, Barbara A.; Multon, Karen D. (April 2015). "The development of gender identity, gender roles, and gender relations in gifted students". Journal of Counseling & Development . Wiley. 93 (2): 183–191. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2015.00194.x.
- 1 2 3 Reding, Andrew; et al. (1 March 2014). "The big question: How do sex and sexuality affect one's role in society?". World Policy Journal . Duke University Press. 31 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1177/0740277514529710. Pdf.
- ↑ El Feki, Shereen (2014). "Introduction". In El Feki, Shereen (ed.). Sex and the citadel: intimate life in a changing arab world. London: Vintage. p. xviii. ISBN 9780099526384.
- 1 2 Messner, Michael A.; Solomon, Nancy M. (May 2007). "Social justice and men's interests: the case of Title IX". Journal of Sport and Social Issues . SAGE. 31 (2): 162–178. doi:10.1177/0193723507301048. S2CID 145417637. Pdf.
- 1 2 3 Messner, Michael. "Home page". Michael Messner. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
- ↑ Messner, Michael A.; Cooky, Cheryl; Hextrum, Robin H. (September 2013). "Women play sport, but not on TV: a longitudinal study of televised news media". Communication & Sport. SAGE. 1 (3): 203–230. doi:10.1177/2167479513476947. S2CID 53321725. Pdf.
- ↑ Messner, Michael A. (2004). "On patriarchs and losers: rethinking men's interests". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. Regents of the University of California. 48: 74–88. JSTOR 41035593. Pdf.
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