Minuscule 222

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Minuscule 222

New Testament manuscript

Text Gospels †
Date 14th century
Script Greek
Now at Austrian National Library
Size 21.8 cm by 15.4 cm
Category none

Minuscule 222 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A404 (Soden), [1] is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century. [2] The manuscript has not survived in comnplete condition.

Greek language language spoken in Greece, Cyprus and Southern Albania

Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. It has the longest documented history of any living Indo-European language, spanning more than 3000 years of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history; other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic, and many other writing systems.

Manuscript document written by hand

A manuscript was, traditionally, any document that is written by hand -- or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten -- as opposed to being mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has come to be understood to further include any written, typed, or word-processed copy of an author's work, as distinguished from its rendition as a printed version of the same. Before the arrival of printing, all documents and books were manuscripts. Manuscripts are not defined by their contents, which may combine writing with mathematical calculations, maps, explanatory figures or illustrations. Manuscripts may be in book form, scrolls or in codex format. Illuminated manuscripts are enriched with pictures, border decorations, elaborately embossed initial letters or full-page illustrations. A document should be at least 75 years old to be considered a manuscript.

New Testament Second division of the Christian biblical canon

The New Testament is the second part of the Christian biblical canon, the first part being the Old Testament, based on the Hebrew Bible. The New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christianity. Christians regard both the Old and New Testaments together as sacred scripture. The New Testament has frequently accompanied the spread of Christianity around the world. It reflects and serves as a source for Christian theology and morality. Extended readings and phrases directly from the New Testament are incorporated into the various Christian liturgies. The New Testament has influenced religious, philosophical, and political movements in Christendom and left an indelible mark on literature, art, and music.

Contents

Description

The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels, on 346 paper leaves (size 21.8 cm by 15.4 cm), with some lacunae (Matthew 1:1-6:19; John 14:2-16:4; 16:7-fin). [2] It is written in one column per page, 24-32 lines per page. [3]

Gospel description of the life of Jesus, canonical or apocryphal

Gospel originally meant the Christian message itself, but in the 2nd century it came to be used for the books in which the message was set out. The four canonical gospels — Matthew, Mark, Luke and John — were probably written between AD 66 and 110, building on older sources and traditions, and each gospel has its own distinctive understanding of Jesus and his divine role. All four are anonymous, and it is almost certain that none were written by an eyewitness. They are the main source of information on the life of Jesus as searched for in the quest for the historical Jesus. Modern scholars are cautious of relying on them unquestioningly, but critical study attempts to distinguish the original ideas of Jesus from those of the later authors. Many non-canonical gospels were also written, all later than the four, and all, like them, advocating the particular theological views of their authors.

Lacuna (manuscripts) gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or a musical work

A lacuna is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or a musical work. A manuscript, text, or section suffering from gaps is said to be "lacunose" or "lacunulose". Some books intentionally add lacunas to be filled in by the owner, often as a game or to encourage children to create their own stories.

Gospel of Matthew Books of the New Testament

The Gospel According to Matthew is the first book of the New Testament and one of the three synoptic gospels. It tells how the promised Messiah, Jesus, rejected by Israel, finally sends the disciples to preach the gospel to the whole world. Most scholars believe it was composed between AD 80 and 90, with a range of possibility between AD 70 to 110. The anonymous author was probably a male Jew, standing on the margin between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values, and familiar with technical legal aspects of scripture being debated in his time. Writing in a polished Semitic "synagogue Greek", he drew on three main sources: the Gospel of Mark, the hypothetical collection of sayings known as the Q source, and material unique to his own community, called the M source or "Special Matthew".

It contains a commentary (Victor's in Mark). [3] [4]

Victorinus of Pettau Christian saint

Saint Victorinus of Pettau or of Poetovio was an Early Christian ecclesiastical writer who flourished about 270, and who was martyred during the persecutions of Emperor Diocletian. A Bishop of Poetovio in Pannonia, Victorinus is also known as Victorinus Petavionensis, Poetovionensis or Victorinus of Ptuj.

Gospel of Mark Books of the New Testament

The Gospel According to Mark is one of the four canonical gospels and one of the three synoptic gospels. It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death and burial and the discovery of the empty tomb – there is no genealogy of Jesus or birth narrative, nor, in the original ending at chapter 16, any post-resurrection appearances of Jesus. It portrays Jesus as a heroic man of action, an exorcist, a healer, and a miracle worker. Jesus is also the Son of God, but he keeps his identity secret, concealing it in parables so that even most of the disciples fail to understand. All this is in keeping with prophecy, which foretold the fate of the messiah as suffering servant. The gospel ends, in its original version, with the discovery of the empty tomb, a promise to meet again in Galilee, and an unheeded instruction to spread the good news of the resurrection.

Aland did not place the Greek text of the codex in any Category. [5] It was not examined by the Claremont Profile Method. [6] In result his textual character is unknown.

Kurt Aland German Theologian

Kurt Aland, was a German theologian and biblical scholar who specialized in New Testament textual criticism. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director from 1959–83. He was one of the principal editors of Nestle-Aland – Novum Testamentum Graece for the Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft and The Greek New Testament for the United Bible Societies.

Categories of New Testament manuscripts Wikimedia list article

New Testament manuscripts in Greek are categorized into five groups, according to a scheme introduced in 1981 by Kurt and Barbara Aland in The text of the New Testament. The categories are based on how each manuscript relates to the various text-types. Generally speaking, earlier Alexandrian manuscripts are category I, while later Byzantine manuscripts are category V. Aland's method involved considering 1000 passages where the Byzantine text differs from non-Byzantine text. The Alands did not select their 1000 readings from all of the NT books; for example, none were drawn from Matthew and Luke.

The Claremont Profile Method is a method for classifying ancient manuscripts of the Bible. It was elaborated by Ernest Cadman Colwell and his students. Professor Frederik Wisse attempted to establish an accurate and rapid procedure for the classification of the manuscript evidence of any ancient text with large manuscript attestation, and to present an adequate basis for the selection of balanced representatives of the whole tradition. The work of Wisse is limited only to three chapters in Luke: 1, 10, and 20.

History

The manuscript was brought by Busbecq from Constantinople (along with Minuscule 123 and 221). C. R. Gregory saw it in 1887. [3]

Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq Flemish scholar

Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq was a 16th-century Flemish writer, herbalist and diplomat in the employ of three generations of Austrian monarchs. He served as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in Constantinople and in 1581 published a book about his time there, Itinera Constantinopolitanum et Amasianum, re-published in 1595 under the title of Turcicae epistolae or "Turkish Letters". His letters also contain the only surviving word list of Crimean Gothic, a Germanic dialect spoken at the time in some isolated regions of Crimea.

Constantinople capital city of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire, the Latin and the Ottoman Empire

Constantinople was the capital city of the Roman Empire (330–395), of the Byzantine Empire, and also of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261), until finally falling to the Ottoman Empire (1453–1923). It was reinaugurated in 324 from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330. The city was located in what is now the European side and the core of modern Istanbul.

Minuscule 123, ε 174, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on a parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. It has complex contents with some marginalia.

It is currently housed at the Austrian National Library (Theol. Gr. 180), at Vienna. [2] [7]

Austrian National Library largest library in Austria

The Austrian National Library is the largest library in Austria, with more than 12 million items in its various collections. The library is located in the Neue Burg Wing of the Hofburg in center of Vienna. Since 2005, some of the collections have been relocated within the baroque structure of the Palais Mollard-Clary. Founded by the Habsburgs, the library was originally called the Imperial Court Library ; the change to the current name occurred in 1920. The library complex includes four museums, as well as multiple special collections and archives.

Vienna Capital city and state in Austria

Vienna is the federal capital and largest city of Austria, and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primate city, with a population of about 1.9 million, and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Until the beginning of the 20th century, it was the largest German-speaking city in the world, and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I, the city had 2 million inhabitants. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In July 2017 it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger.

See also

Related Research Articles

Minuscule 53, ε 444, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th or 14th century. It has marginalia.

Minuscule 152, ε 303 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. It has complex contents, and full marginalia.

Minuscule 203, α 203 (Soden), is a modern Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.

Minuscule 437, Απρ12, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.

Minuscule 813, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament written on parchment. Palaeographically it had been assigned to the 12th century.

Minuscule 837 (Gregory-Aland)

Minuscule 837, ε415, is a 14th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript is lacunose.

Minuscule 842, Θε424, is a 15th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript is lacunose.

Minuscule 846, Νλ29, is a 14th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has no complex content.

Minuscule 847 is a 12th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has no complex content.

Minuscule 853, Νλ69, is a 15th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has no complex content.

Minuscule 849, Κι60, is a 17th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on paper. The manuscript has no complex context.

Minuscule 855, Θε27, is a 12th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has complex content.

Minuscule 862, Θε29, is a 12th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has complex context, but without marginalia.

Minuscule 865 (Gregory-Aland)

Minuscule 865 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A502 (von Soden), is a 15th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on paper. The manuscript has complex context, no marginalia.

Minuscule 869, Cι21, is a 12th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on paper, with a commentary. The manuscript has no complex context.

Minuscule 874, Θε 307, is a 13th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment, with a commentary.

Minuscule 875, ε1004, is a 10th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. It has complex contents.

Minuscule 882 is a 10th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on paper. It has complex contents.

Minuscule 885, is a 15th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on paper. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition.

Minuscule 940, ε 1364 von Soden), is a 13th-century Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition.

References

  1. ↑ Gregory, Caspar René (1908). Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testament. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung. p. 56.
  2. 1 2 3 K. Aland, M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack, "Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments", Walter de Gruyter , Berlin, New York 1994, p. 60.
  3. 1 2 3 Gregory, Caspar René (1900). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. p. 169.
  4. ↑ Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament . 1 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 221.
  5. ↑ Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 132, 138. ISBN   978-0-8028-4098-1.
  6. ↑ Wisse, Frederik (1982). The Profile Method for the Classification and Evaluation of Manuscript Evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 57. ISBN   0-8028-1918-4.
  7. ↑ "Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 1 October 2012.

Further reading

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