Mongolians in South Korea

Last updated
Mongolians in South Korea
Total population
37,963 (2021) [1]
Regions with significant populations
Seoul
Languages
Mongolian, Korean [2]

Mongolians in South Korea is a foreign group in South Korea. [3] [4]

Contents

Population

By 2003, there were already 20,000 Mongolians working in South Korea, making their population larger than the combined total of Mongolian Americans, Mongolians in Japan, and Mongolians in Europe. [3] Five years later, their population had grown by 65% to an estimated 33,000 individuals, or 1.2% of the entire Mongolian population. [2] The government of South Korea estimates that one out of every two urban households in Mongolia has a family member working in South Korea. [5]

According to South Korean government figures, 40% are residing in the country illegally; other estimates of the proportion of illegal migrants run as high as 70%. [6] [7] The ability of Mongolians to "pass" as Korean makes it easier for them than for other foreigners resident illegally to escape casual notice. The growth of the population has been so rapid that the Mongolian embassy in Seoul is largely unable to provide assistance to Mongolian residents; as a result, Mongolians have set up their own non-governmental organisations to provide mutual assistance, such as Dalain Salkhi ("Sea Breeze"). [4]

Motivations for migration

Most Mongolians in South Korea are migrant workers employed in heavy industry. [8] Some also run restaurants, trading companies, and grocery stores in Seoul, especially in the so-called "Central Asia Village" in Jung-gu's Gwanghui-dong, near Dongdaemun. [9] [10] [11] Mongolians seeking to migrate to South Korea for work are required by South Korea's Ministry of Labor to obtain a score of at least 120 on the Korean Language Proficiency Test in order to receive permission to work in most industries; however, the required score for working in agriculture, fishing, and construction is lower. Demand to take the test is extremely high; for the 2007 sitting, some candidates queued for four days in chaotic conditions outside Ulan Bator's Central Stadium in May to register. A total of 14,929 candidates (9,892 men and 5,037 women) signed up for the test that year, of whom 14,606 actually sat for it; 44% (6,487) scored higher than 120 points, while 91% met the minimum mark for agriculture, fishing, and construction. [12] [13]

Aside from migrant workers, Mongolians come to South Korea for other purposes as well. As of 2008, there were also roughly 1,700 Mongolians who came to South Korea annually to pursue higher education. [2] Some Mongolian women also come to South Korea as the brides of men they met through international marriage agencies; their average age is just 24.9 whereas that of their husbands is 44.5, with many being more educated than their husbands. [14]

Some Mongolians in South Korea run used car export businesses. This trend was believed to have begun between the late 1990s and early 2000s after the 1997 Asian financial crisis rage, when one Mongolian working in South Korea sent a car back to his homeland. The potential for doing business in used cars also attracted more Mongolians to come to South Korea in the late 2000s. [15]

Inter-ethnic relations

Mongolians living in South Korea cite the age-based hierarchy of the Korean social structure as a major cultural difference with their homeland and a significant barrier to adaptation, noting that in Mongolia, people with age differences of five years still speak to one another as equals, but in Korea, they are obligated to use honorific forms of speech to address people even one year older than them. Others assert that Koreans are more polite to Westerners than to other Asians. [4]

Four Mongolians who saved the lives of 11 Koreans from a fire were given official rights to live and work in South Korea by the Immigration Department of the Ministry of Justice in 2007. [16]

Education

South Korea has one school specifically aimed at the children of Mongolian migrant workers: the International Mongolian School, in Gwangjang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul. It was established in August 1999 with eight students. A large proportion of the students are the children of illegal immigrants who are unable to attend regular government schools. [17] By 2011, it enrolled roughly 80 students in grades 19. [18]

It is officially authorised by the Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education to offer courses up to the high school level; due to a shortage of funding and space it only offers elementary and middle school classes, though they plan to begin building facilities for a high school division in 2011. It follows the curriculum of Mongolia, using Mongolian as the medium of instruction, while also assisting students to learn Korean. Of the 16 graduates in 2010, three planned to return to Mongolia for high school while the rest would enter schools in South Korea. South Korean teachers state that the students generally adapt well to South Korean schools, though the students themselves worry about ethnic bullying and the difficulty of adapting to the use of Korean as the medium of instruction (especially at engineering schools). [19]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seoul National University</span> Public university in Seoul, South Korea

Seoul National University is a public research university located in Seoul, South Korea. It is one of the SKY universities and a part of the Flagship Korean National Universities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Korea Train Express</span> South Korean high-speed rail system

Korea Train eXpress (Korean: 한국고속철도), often known as KTX, is South Korea's high-speed rail system, operated by Korail. Construction began on the high-speed line from Seoul to Busan in 1992. KTX services were launched on April 1, 2004.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andy Lee (South Korean singer)</span> South Korean singer

Lee Sun-ho, mononymously credited as Andy (Korean: 앤디), is a South Korean singer, rapper and the youngest member of six-member boy band Shinhwa. Besides rapping for his band, Andy has ventured out into television acting, musicals, and solo singing. Andy is also the producer of duo Jumper and boy groups Teen Top, 100% and Up10tion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Won Bin</span> South Korean actor (born 1977)

Kim Do-jin, professionally known as Won Bin, is a South Korean actor. He first gained wide popularity in 2000 after starring in the KBS's television series Autumn in My Heart. One of the most selective actors in the Korean entertainment industry, he has starred in only five films to date, Guns & Talks, Taegukgi, My Brother, Mother and The Man from Nowhere. He was Gallup Korea's Film Actor of the Year in 2010 and 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sadang station</span> Train station in South Korea

Sadang Station is a station on the Seoul Subway Line 2 and Seoul Subway Line 4 in South Korea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in South Korea</span>

Human rights in South Korea are codified in the Constitution of the Republic of Korea, which compiles the legal rights of its citizens. These rights are protected by the Constitution and include amendments and national referendum. These rights have evolved significantly from the days of military dictatorship to the current state as a constitutional democracy with free and fair elections for the presidency and the members of the National Assembly.

Kwangwoon University is a comprehensive and private research university in Nowon-gu, Seoul, South Korea, offering undergraduate and graduate programs. Chosun Radio Training Center, the predecessor of Kwangwoon University, was the first institution to teach electronic engineering studies in Korea. The foundation is Kwangwoon Academy, an incorporated educational institution. As of 2019, there are 11,500 undergraduates and 1,292 graduate students.

Immigration to South Korea is low due to restrictive immigration policies resulting from strong opposition to immigrants from the general Korean public. However, in recent years with the loosening of the law, influx of immigrants into South Korea has been on the rise, with foreign residents accounting for 4.9% of the total population in 2019. Between 1990 and 2020, South Korea's migrant population has grown 3.896%, second highest level of growth in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jung District, Seoul</span> Autonomous District in Sudogwon, South Korea

Jung District is one of the 25 districts of Seoul, South Korea.

Vietnamese people in Korea, also known as Vietnamese Koreans, have a history dating back to the 12th century. After the division of Korea and the Korean War, ethnic Vietnamese had various contacts with both North and South Korea. They are Vietnamese expatriates in Korean peninsular or Korean born-citizens were born of partially or full Vietnamese descent. In the latter, Vietnamese are the second-largest group of foreigners, after Chinese migrants.

Koreans in Iran have a history dating back to the 1970s, when South Korean labour migrants began flowing into the country. However, most returned home or moved on to other countries; as of 2011, only 405 Koreans lived in the country, according to the statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

Koreans in Africa form a very small population, estimated at only 9,200 people in 2005, with almost half of these living in South Africa. South Korean nationals can be found in 49 countries of Africa, including the continent and its surrounding islands; they have established schools in 19 of those countries. They form a small part of the Korean diaspora.

Germans in Korea have a long history, though they have never formed a significant population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Koreans in Russia</span> Ethnic group

North Koreans in Russia consist mainly of three groups: international students, guest workers, and defectors and refugees. A 2006 study by Kyung Hee University estimated their total population at roughly 10,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hwanghak-dong Flea Market</span> Used goods market in Seoul, South Korea

Hwanghak-dong Flea Market is a market located in the neighborhood of Hwanghak-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul, South Korea to sell second-hand goods. It has over 500 shops and stalls near Dongdaemun Market supplying a wide range of used products such as electronic appliances, clothes, and other items. The market is also called Dokkaebi Market. It is located behind Samil Apartment and Cheonggyecheon.

Koreans in Guatemala form one of the newest and fastest-growing Korean diaspora communities in Latin America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongolia–South Korea relations</span> Bilateral relations

Mongolia–South Korea relations are foreign relations between South Korea and the Mongolia. Both countries established diplomatic relations on March 26, 1990. South Korea has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia has an embassy in Seoul.

Koreans in Mongolia form one of the Korean diaspora communities in Asia. They consist of both North and South Korean expatriates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asia Song Festival</span> Pop music festival

Asia Song Festival, a.k.a.A-Song-Fe or ASF, is an annual Asian pop music festival held in South Korea, since 2004. It is hosted by Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange (KOFICE) and features artists from Asian countries. Participating artists are awarded a plaque of appreciation by the Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and Best Asian Artist by the chairman of Korea Foundation for International Culture and Exchange (KOFICE). South Korean boy band TVXQ is the only act to have participated for five consecutive years, since the 1st festival in 2004.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Okryu-gwan</span> Restaurant in Pyongyang, North Korea

Okryu-gwan or Okryu Restaurant is a restaurant in Pyongyang, North Korea, founded in 1960. South Korea analyst Andrei Lankov describes it as one of two restaurants, the other being Ch'ongryugwan, which have "defined the culinary life of Pyongyang" since the 1980s, and a "living museum of culinary art".

References

  1. Number of foreigners in Korea up for 1st time in 20 months
  2. 1 2 3 "'Korean Dream' fills Korean classrooms in Mongolia", The Chosun Ilbo, 2008-04-24, archived from the original on 2008-09-23, retrieved 2009-02-06
  3. 1 2 "Mongolians, Koreans share ancient bonds", Taipei Times, 2003-10-13, retrieved 2007-08-17
  4. 1 2 3 "Sea Breeze Helps Korea's Mongolians Speak with One Voice", The Chosun Ilbo, 2005-03-29, archived from the original on 2008-05-29, retrieved 2007-09-05
  5. Han, Jae-hyuck (2006-05-05), "Today in Mongolia: Everyone can speak a few words of Korean", President Roh Moo-hyun: Summit Diplomacy, Republic of Korea: Office of the President, retrieved 2007-08-17[ permanent dead link ]
  6. 체류외국인 국적별 현황, 2013년도 출입국통계연보, South Korea: Ministry of Justice, 2009, p. 262, retrieved 2011-03-21
  7. Chae, Seong-jin (2003-10-10), 도심속의 "몽골 타워" [The "Mongol Tower" in the heart of the city], The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean), archived from the original on 2005-02-04, retrieved 2007-08-17
  8. Phillips, Simon (2007-06-19), "A Mongolian Migrant Worker's Story", Korea Times, retrieved 2007-08-17
  9. "No melting pot, but Seoul still flavoured with several dashes of migrant communities", Korea.net, 2006-12-19, retrieved 2007-08-17[ permanent dead link ]
  10. "A Little Corner of Overseas in Seoul", The Chosun Ilbo, 2007-04-05, archived from the original on 2007-04-10, retrieved 2007-08-17
  11. Koehler, Robert (2006-04-19), "The Silk Road Leads to Seoul: Dongdaemun's Central Asia Village and Namyangju's Mongolian Cultural Village", Seoul Magazine, archived from the original on 2007-06-15, retrieved 2007-08-17
  12. Sh., Batmonkh (2007-06-27), "13,000 Qualify to Enter Korea", UB Post, archived from the original on 2007-08-13, retrieved 2007-08-17
  13. "Chaos reigns in registration process", The Mongol Messenger, 2007-05-22, archived from the original on 2007-09-30, retrieved 2007-08-17
  14. "Asia Women Network Supporting Married Migrant Women's Human Rights" (PDF), Asian Workers News, p. 7, 2006-12-10, retrieved 2009-02-06
  15. "Mongolia". Autowini. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  16. "Mongolians save the life of Korean Official", Mongolia-web.com, 2007-04-19, archived from the original on 2011-07-14, retrieved 2011-07-30
  17. 송화선 (2002-12-26), 몽골 아이들 '배움의 갈증 목말라요', Weekly Donga Magazine (in Korean), no. 365, pp. 66–67, retrieved 2011-07-31
  18. 김지은 (2011-02-10), 한예종·재한몽골학교, 다섯번째 '아트캠프', Nate News/Newsis (in Korean), retrieved 2011-07-30
  19. Park, Angela (2010-07-27), "Mongolian students face new challenges", Joongang Ilbo, retrieved 2011-07-30