Music in advertising

Last updated

Music in advertising refers to music integrated into mass electronic media advertisements to enhance its success. Music in advertising affects the way viewers perceive the brand by different means and on different levels, and "can significantly affect the emotional response to television commercials." [1] It also affects the musicians whose music is featured in advertisements.

Contents

Functions of music in advertising

David Huron is a professor at Ohio State University, in the Schools of Music and the Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences. David Huron.JPG
David Huron is a professor at Ohio State University, in the Schools of Music and the Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences.

In advertising, "music can serve the overall promotional goals in one or more of several capacities." [3] David Huron proposes six primary categories, which include: entertainment, structure and continuity, memorability, lyrical language, targeting, and authority establishment. Also, it can be used to appeal to a person's emotions and senses. The targeting of one's emotions is done so that the audience is swayed toward what is being advertised. Using music to influence a person's emotional state is effective, since “music has a significant influence on the consumer's emotional state and mood, which is an important concept in the establishment of attitudes since mood states seem to bias judgments and opinions in the same direction as the mood state”. [4] Being able to use music in advertising has made advertisements more enticing and attention-getting for the audience. Fifteen seconds is currently the standard duration of a television commercial so advertisers need to be able to successfully grab their audience's attention, which music does. [5]

Entertainment

The entertainment aspect of music helps make an advertisement more appealing by adding aesthetic value to it. An advertisement that has high aesthetic value will be able to capture more attention from the audience. From this point of view, "music need not necessarily manifest any special affinity with a particular product or service in order to play an effective and useful function." [3]

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is known for the use of sad music in advertisements. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (logo).svg
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is known for the use of sad music in advertisements.

Emotion and music

Music can be used as a cue to help drive a message to viewers. The music in an advertisement can be an indirect influence on the viewer's attitude towards the product being shown. Exciting music has been shown to increase arousal in skin response and heart rate which can be seen as a physical form of showing emotion through music. [6] Sad music has been shown to influence the purchase of intent more than either happy or no music at all. [6]

ASPCA and the use of music in advertisements

An example of the use of sad music is in the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) advertisements. The ASPCA uses sad music to help add emotion to the images and videos being shown to help drive the viewer to donate money to help the suffering animals. [7] The music in the advertisement is used as a tool to get the viewer to empathize with the animals. [7]

Structure and continuity

Music supports an advertisement's structure and continuity by mediating between disjoint images. [3] Accompanying a TV commercial, music either structures the narrative or tells a narrative itself. It can also create an antagonist and protagonist within this narrative by giving them typical musical figures, harmonies or melodies. Moreover, music can emphasize dramatic moments within the advertisement, and therefore creates both structure and continuity. [8]

Music and its message in advertisements

Music can be used to carry the message of the advertisement which gives the music a dominant role or just be in the background. [9] If the music is used in the background instead it can be used to emphasize a key brand attribute or the logo. [9]

Memorability

Music in advertising is "the most common musical technique for aiding memorability and hence product recall". [3] A theory suggests that the initial sound (or notes in the case of music) activates a cohort of possible matches in memory, which is narrowed as the sound (or melody) progresses. [10]

Music serves the function of making a product more memorable to viewers, as it is known to "linger in the listener's mind." [3] When used in an advertisement, the content of the ad lingers along with the music. Easily recognizable music is put in television ads to produce a “significant positive relationship with recall and comprehension” for the viewer. [1] On top of this, “recall of information is improved when cued with a well-known song.” [11] Advertisements strategically use popular music to make a lasting impression on viewers.

The ability to be able to attract a consumer to a product usually requires an advertisement to be presented memorably. Whether it be in a catchy, recognizable song or with loud, vivid colors, and effective commercial or advertisement must come across fantastically for the consumer to consider taking a product into account. The viewer must be drawn to the advertisement for the product to be remembered later. Music is the number one way for companies to entice a consumer or buyer, usually spending up to half of a million dollars to create commercials that will stand out to the public. In this, it includes using popular music that appeals to younger audiences, celebrities and musical artists that many can recognize, and star athletes that many look up to. "Picture-word congruency [was] found to enhance verbal recall when the picture does not evoke distracting imagery.” [12] Music has a great part in drawing in a consumer to consider an item for purchasing, but visuals tend to enhance the advertisement for later recall. In times where both lyrical and visual advertisements are presented, it brings positive invocations to the viewer and memorizing certain products becomes more effective and easier for future recall. Studies have been conducted to compare various elements of “stimulus congruency” that prove how higher volume advertisements turn the eye and make products more appealing. Through this, companies become more involved in how to boost their products through musical advertising for the benefit of the message applied. It becomes easier to target younger people, seeing as that their ability to memorize words of a song faster and therefore creating commercials and advertisements that trend worldwide with their specific musical taste. [13]

Lyrical language

For providing rational facts at the same time "mixtures of speech and song provide advertisers with opportunities for both logical, factual appeals through spoken and written language and emotive, poetic appeals through music." [3]

Contemporary advertisers must overcome the viewer's innate skepticism, which developed over the years through desensitization. Music can provide a message without the customers consciously noticing it; in other words, they are "uninvolved, nondecision-making consumers rather than cognitive active problem solvers.” [14]

Targeting

Using different kinds of musical genres in the advertising world helps advertisers draw from the kind of audience they think will be interested in their products. [15] The idea that there is a specific group of people that an advertiser is trying to reach is called the target audience and music is a significant aspect of what draws the target audience in. [3]

Music can create different moods and sway people of different groups into thinking or feeling certain ways. The different tempos, time changes, pitches, and content of the music can target anyone or many groups of people the advertiser may be trying to reach. [1]

Often, music in advertisements shows a viewer what a product is before the advert states it. According to Linda M. Scott, "Studies of advertising music share an underlying theory in which music is an effective background component that causes attachment to the product without the cognitive involvement of the viewer." [16] Music can create a bond between a viewer and a product, which is why it is considered important for advertisers to choose the right music for their target audience.[ citation needed ]

Authority establishment

Authority establishment in music in advertising is the idea that using specific kinds of music can help give an advertisement more credibility because of the artist being used in the ad. This is another way that companies can help persuade consumers to buy their products. Using a specific song that holds weight in the target audience the advertiser is trying to reach can strengthen the bond between the product and the consumer. [3] [17]

Effects on credibility

Credibility is often brought to question when considering how music is used in present-day advertising and marketing efforts. It is proven that certain types of music can lend credibility to individuals, companies or even specific products. This is exactly what advertisers want to have happened and they particularly prefer music as a source of adding credibility to their subjects. [18]

Credibility has two key components: trustworthiness and expertise, which both have objective and subjective components. Trustworthiness is based more on subjective factors but can include objective measurements such as established reliability. Expertise can be similarly subjectively perceived, but also includes relatively objective characteristics of the source or message (e.g., credentials, certification or information quality). Secondary components of credibility include source dynamism (charisma) and physical attractiveness. [19]

Credibility online has become an important topic since the mid-1990s. This is because the web has increasingly become an information resource. [20]

Entertainment-“It simply draws attention to the advertisement or to the product. In this case, the music in the advertisement does not necessarily need to have anything to do with the product” [21] (Andersen 260). The entertaining part of an advertisement is one of the most crucial steps to getting customers to buy the product. Music brings a certain flavor to an advertisement, without the music the ad would seem bleak. Music can create emotion and motivate people. When paired with the right ad music can make a person associate the product with a certain feeling enabling them to go purchase the product. [19]

The same can be said for advertisements. Generally, people are familiar with Nike, Puma and New Balance. A fairly new shoe company would have to work harder to gain customers. If a person/company is virtually unknown, they must create a sense of trust, believability in themselves and their product. People need to see evidence that the person/company can be trusted. The well-known person/company has to live up to the previous expectations and not disappoint those who have shown up to see them speak and possibly purchase the product. The advertising and marketing industry calls this brand management.[ citation needed ]

On the other hand, the use of music in advertising, especially on platforms such as social media or television, are seen as less credible compared to advertisements that lack music and are placed in newspapers or articles. Consumers tend to have a more positive attitude towards commercials that supply accurate and relevant information about a product or a service that the consumer desires. [22] Consumers rely on the credibility of what's being advertised so for them to trust in the advertisers' message or product there has to be solidified evidence for it.

Relationship with musician

Music affects the moral value of the artist, in the sense the music he/she makes out of their feelings and emotional drive is then used for a car commercial, or maybe one of their songs is used for a mayonnaise commercial. This could be seen as "the ultimate sellout that offended aesthetic and bohemian values" [23] Being that the original intent for the song was not intended for the random advertisement, musicians may feel cheated.[ citation needed ]

On the other hand, "by contrast, today advertisements represent one of the best opportunities for many musicians to gain access to mainstream markets." [23] So, a musician having his or her song used in a popular ad may contribute to the success of that song.[ citation needed ]

Interaction of music and brand

In general, one could say that music can be altered in meaning depending on its context. This is an opportunity for advertisers to create meaning for their brand by employing musical pieces for their interest. Music has "a potential for the construction or negotiation of meaning in specific contexts." [24] That means that some music can match better with one type of product than with another type. Different musical types can i.e. target high culture or popular culture-oriented customers. The reason is that "musical styles and genres offer unsurpassed opportunities for communicating complex social or attitudinal messages practically instantaneously." [25] One could say that music is worth a thousand words. That's why music became more and more important to advertisers. They have the chance to transfer specific characteristics connoted to certain musical types to their products. "Music now is more often employed as 'borrowed interest' capturing a feeling, setting a mood, recalling past experiences and playing them back on behalf of the sponsors." [26] All these attributes help an advertisement appealing to the life world or lifestyle of the targeted group.[ citation needed ]

Music "transfers its attributes to the story-line and the product, it creates coherence, making connections that are not there in the words or pictures; it even engenders meanings of its own ... the music interprets the words and pictures." [27] A brand's, product's or service's value is enhanced by the connection to music. It adopts meanings which are inherent in the music because “the object itself is not enough to sell it; it must also be linked to some sort of personal meaning, the very essence of branding.” [28] That means that a brand or product has to pick up some kind of connotation that is added by the music. Also, a certain artist can change or shape an advert so that it fits a certain target group. "Advertising is not about what the product does but who the consumer is" [29] and so advertisements have to find a good balance between adopting meaning from a used musical piece or artist and providing context in return to become authentic. Both the music and the advertisement can benefit from this symbiosis. There are artists and music bands that became famous through having their music inside of adverts which can in return mean to sacrifice their music to the brand.[ citation needed ]

"The joining of music culture, through either a licensed track or the appearance of an artist, with a product or service in a commercial brings new connotations to both artist [and also the music] and company while naturalizing the relationship between the two. The value of articulating popular music to a product can be seen as especially important to advertisers competing with products similar, if not identical, in use-value." [30]

History

Since the late 1920s, music has been a fundamental part of advertising. In the earliest adverts, companies would use jingles and specially composed songs to explicitly promote the product being advertised. In 1926, the first radio jingle was by the “Wheatles”, encouraging the audience to listen to Wheatles. As businesses started to become aware of the influence of music on consumers in advertising, a major emphasis on music in commercial services started to play an important part in the creation of consumer attitudes and associations towards the advertised product and brand.[ citation needed ]

In 1934, "Muzak", which is best known as the leader in business music, was founded. “Muzak” is a company brand of background music played in retail stores and other companies. In 1944, the first television commercial jingle “Chiquita Banana”, was broadcast across movie theaters. The jingle is described as catchy and informed the audience in various ways they can consume a banana. In the 1970s, Ronnie Bond, a jingle writer, created popular jingles such as Brank Flake's “Tasty Tasty, very very tasty” and Coco Pops’ “I'd rather have a bowl of Coco Pops.” In the 1980s, children became the targeted audience for advertisers, advertising children's toys during cartoons. Up until 1985, the movement of the “jingle” ended, advertisers shifted to more developed and structured full-fledged songs for advertisement. In the 1990s, now television breaks have extended 12–15 minutes per an hour-long program. Eventually, in the 21-century “jingles” made a comeback because jingles are catchy, causing the audience to associate the jingle with the product being advertised. Over the years, the use of music in advertising has not changed dramatically, it has just become more modernized and influenced by society's needs. [31]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Advertising</span> Form of communication for marketing

Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service. Advertising aims to put a product or service in the spotlight in hopes of drawing it attention from consumers. It is typically used to promote a specific good or service, but there are wide range of uses, the most common being the commercial advertisement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slogan</span> Memorable motto or phrase used in social movements & advertisements

A slogan is a memorable motto or phrase used in a clan, political, commercial, religious, and other context as a repetitive expression of an idea or purpose, with the goal of persuading members of the public or a more defined target group. The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as "a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising." A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and appealing to the audience.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Television advertisement</span> Paid commercial segment on television

A television advertisement is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization. It conveys a message promoting, and aiming to market, a product, service or idea. Advertisers and marketers may refer to television commercials as TVCs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sex in advertising</span> Use of sex appeal in advertising

Sex appeal in advertising is a common tactic employed to promote products and services. Research indicates that sexually appealing content, including imagery, is often used to shape or alter the consumer's perception of a brand, even if it is not directly related to the product or service being advertised. This approach, known as "sex sells," has become more prevalent among companies, leading to controversies surrounding the use of sexual campaigns in advertising.

A jingle is a short song or tune used in advertising and for other commercial uses. Jingles are a form of sound branding. A jingle contains one or more hooks and meanings that explicitly promote the product or service being advertised, usually through the use of one or more advertising slogans. Ad buyers use jingles in radio and television commercials; they can also be used in non-advertising contexts to establish or maintain a brand image. Many jingles are also created using snippets of popular songs, in which lyrics are modified to appropriately advertise the product or service.

Marketing communications refers to the use of different marketing channels and tools in combination. Marketing communication channels focus on how businesses communicate a message to its desired market, or the market in general. It is also in charge of the internal communications of the organization. Marketing communication tools include advertising, personal selling, direct marketing, sponsorship, communication, public relations, social media, customer journey and promotion.

Out-of-home (OOH) advertising, also called outdoor advertising, outdoor media, and out-of-home media, is advertising experienced outside of the home. This includes billboards, wallscapes, and posters seen while "on the go". It also includes place-based media seen in places such as convenience stores, medical centers, salons, and other brick-and-mortar venues. OOH advertising formats fall into four main categories: billboards, street furniture, transit, and alternative.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Advertising management</span> Part of the advertising industry

Advertising management is a planned managerial process designed to oversee and control the various advertising activities involved in a program to communicate with a firm's target market and which is ultimately designed to influence the consumer's purchase decisions. Advertising is just one element in a company's promotional mix and as such, must be integrated with the overall marketing communications program. Advertising is, however, the most expensive of all the promotional elements and therefore must be managed with care and accountability. Advertising management process also helps in defining the outline of the media campaign and in deciding which type of advertising would be used before the launch of a product.

In marketing, promotion refers to any type of marketing communication used to inform target audiences of the relative merits of a product, service, brand or issue, persuasively. It helps marketers to create a distinctive place in customers' mind, it can be either a cognitive or emotional route. The aim of promotion is to increase brand awareness, create interest, generate sales or create brand loyalty. It is one of the basic elements of the market mix, which includes the four Ps, i.e., product, price, place, and promotion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Advertising campaign</span> Advertisements based on a theme

An advertising campaign is a series of advertisement messages that share a single idea and theme which make up an integrated marketing communication (IMC). An IMC is a platform in which a group of people can group their ideas, beliefs, and concepts into one large media base. Advertising campaigns utilize diverse media channels over a particular time frame and target identified audiences.

Celebrity branding or celebrity endorsement is a form of advertising campaign or marketing strategy which uses a celebrity's fame or social status to promote a product, brand or service, or to raise awareness about an issue. Marketers use celebrity endorsers in hopes that the positive image of the celebrity endorser will be passed on to the product's or brand's image. Non-profit organizations also use celebrities since a celebrity's frequent mass media coverage reaches a wider audience, thus making celebrities an effective ingredient in fundraising.

Sustainability advertising is communications geared towards promoting social, economic and environmental benefits (sustainability) of products, services or actions through paid advertising in media in order to encourage responsible behavior of consumers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital marketing</span> Marketing of products or services using digital technologies or digital tools

Digital marketing is the component of marketing that uses the Internet and online-based digital technologies such as desktop computers, mobile phones, and other digital media and platforms to promote products and services. Its development during the 1990s and 2000s changed the way brands and businesses use technology for marketing. As digital platforms became increasingly incorporated into marketing plans and everyday life, and as people increasingly used digital devices instead of visiting physical shops, digital marketing campaigns have become prevalent, employing combinations of search engine optimization (SEO), search engine marketing (SEM), content marketing, influencer marketing, content automation, campaign marketing, data-driven marketing, e-commerce marketing, social media marketing, social media optimization, e-mail direct marketing, display advertising, e-books, and optical disks and games have become commonplace. Digital marketing extends to non-Internet channels that provide digital media, such as television, mobile phones, callbacks, and on-hold mobile ringtones. The extension to non-Internet channels differentiates digital marketing from online marketing.

A target market, also known as serviceable obtainable market (SOM), is a group of customers within a business's serviceable available market at which a business aims its marketing efforts and resources. A target market is a subset of the total market for a product or service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Targeted advertising</span> Form of advertising

Targeted advertising is a form of advertising, including online advertising, that is directed towards an audience with certain traits, based on the product or person the advertiser is promoting.

Social network advertising, also known as "social media targeting," is a group of terms used to describe forms of online advertising and digital marketing focusing on social networking services. One of the significant benefits of this type of advertising is that advertisers can take advantage of the users' demographic information, psychographics and other data points to target their ads appropriately.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social media marketing</span> Promotion of products or services on social media

Social media marketing is the use of social media platforms and websites to promote a product or service. Although the terms e-marketing and digital marketing are still dominant in academia, social media marketing is becoming more popular for both practitioners and researchers. Most social media platforms have built-in data analytics tools, enabling companies to track the progress, success, and engagement of social media marketing campaigns. Companies address a range of stakeholders through social media marketing, including current and potential customers, current and potential employees, journalists, bloggers, and the general public. On a strategic level, social media marketing includes the management of a marketing campaign, governance, setting the scope and the establishment of a firm's desired social media "culture" and "tone".

Emotional branding is a term used within marketing communication that refers to the practice of building brands that appeal directly to a consumer's emotional state, needs and aspirations. Emotional branding is successful when it triggers an emotional response in the consumer, that is, a desire for the advertised brand that cannot fully be rationalized. Emotional brands have a significant impact when the consumer experiences a strong and lasting attachment to the brand comparable to a feeling of bonding, companionship or love. Examples of emotional branding include the nostalgic attachment to the Kodak brand of film, bonding with the Jim Beam bourbon brand, and love for the McDonald’s brand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sony marketing</span> Variety of marketing techniques used by the Sony Corporation

The Japanese technology company, Sony, engaged in a variety of different marketing efforts, as one of the world's largest and most pervasive corporations.

An annoyance factor, in advertising and brand management, is a variable used to measure consumers' perception level of annoyance in an ad, then analyzed to help evaluate the ad's effectiveness. The variable can be observed or inferred and is a type that might be used in factor analyses. An annoyance effect is a reference to the impact or result of an annoying stimulus, which can be a strategic aspect of an advertisement intended to help a message stick in the minds of consumers. References to annoyance effects have been referred to as annoyancedynamics. While the words "factor" and "effect," as used in the behavioral sciences, have different meanings, in casual vernacular, they have been used interchangeably as synonymous. A more general or umbrella term would simply be advertising annoyance.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Bruner, Gordon C. (1990). "Music, Mood, and Marketing". Journal of Marketing. 54 (4): 94–104. doi:10.2307/1251762. JSTOR   1251762.
  2. "David Huron". Ohio State University . Archived from the original on September 29, 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Huron, David (1989). "Music in Advertising: An Analytic Paradigm". The Musical Quarterly. 73 (4): 560–569. doi:10.1093/mq/73.4.557.
  4. "Advertisement". Psychology of Music. 39 (3): 396–397. 2011-06-20. doi:10.1177/03057356110390030801. ISSN   0305-7356. S2CID   220261736.
  5. Ciccarelli, David (2019-01-10). "The Best Length For TV Commercials". Voices.com. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
  6. 1 2 Morris, Jon D.; Boone, Mary Anne (1998). "The Effects of Music on Emotional Response, Brand Attitude, and Purchase Intent in an Emotional Advertising Condition". ACR North American Advances. NA-25.
  7. 1 2 "Sad Dogs and Sad Songs: How Emotions Impact Consumer Behavior". Lieberman Research Worldwide. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
  8. Torras I. Segura, Daniel (November 2013). "Musical Commercials. Differences with Musical Cinematographic Genre". Zer: Revista de Estudios de Comunicacion. 18 (35): 300.
  9. 1 2 Alpert, Judy I.; Alpert, Mark I. (1991). "Contributions From a Musical Perspective on Advertising and Consumer Behavior". ACR North American Advances. NA-18.
  10. Gillard, Jessica; Schutz, Michael (December 2016). "Composing Alarms: Considering the Musical Aspects of Auditory Alarm Design". Neurocase. 22 (6): 566–576. doi:10.1080/13554794.2016.1253751. PMID   27869530. S2CID   46850781.
  11. Allan, David. "Effects Of Popular Music In Advertising On Attention And Memory."
  12. Kellaris, James (1993). "The Effect of Background Music on Ad Processing: A Contingency Explanation, vol. 57". Journal of Marketing. 57 (4): 114–125. doi:10.1177/002224299305700409. hdl: 1805/5624 . JSTOR   1252223. S2CID   17831167.
  13. Kellaris, James J.; Cox, Anthony D.; Cox, Dena (1993). "The Effect of Background Music on Ad Processing: A Contingency Explanation". Journal of Marketing. 57 (4): 114–125. doi:10.1177/002224299305700409. hdl: 1805/5624 . JSTOR   1252223. S2CID   17831167.
  14. Alpert, Judy I.; Alpert, Mark I. (1989). "Background Music As an Influence in Consumer Mood and Advertising Responses". In Thomas K. Srull (ed.). Advances in Consumer Research Volume 16. Vol. NA-16. Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research. pp. 485–491. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  15. Lalwani, Ashok K (June 2009). "Does Audiovisual Congruency in Advertisements Increase Persuasion? The Role of Cultural Music and Products". Journal of Global Marketing. 22 (2): 139–153. doi:10.1080/08911760902765973. S2CID   145718621.
  16. Scott, Linda M. (1990). "Understanding Jingles and Needledrop: A Rhetorical Approach to Music in Advertising". Journal of Consumer Research. 17 (2): 223–236. doi:10.1086/208552. JSTOR   2626814.
  17. Taylor, Timothy D (December 2009). "Advertising and the Conquest of Culture". Social Semiotics. 19 (4): 405. doi:10.1080/10350330903361091. S2CID   145264438.
  18. Hakola, Outi (December 2018). "How Pop Can Army Strong Be? Uses of Popular Culture in US Army Recruitment Campaign". Journal of Popular Culture. 51 (6): 1540–1561. doi:10.1111/jpcu.12744. hdl: 10138/322294 . S2CID   165195721.
  19. 1 2 "Credibility", Wikipedia, 2018-12-04, retrieved 2019-03-27
  20. Rehak, Bob (2013-01-18). "Credibility of Advertising". Media Impacts. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
  21. Andersen, Carrie. [link.galegroup.com.dcccd.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/CX3162200110/GVRL?u=txshracd2500&sid=GVRL&xid=3e10112f. "Commercials and Advertisements." Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars, and Stories That Shaped Our Culture, edited by Jacqueline Edmondson, vol. 1"]. Retrieved 12 March 2019.{{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  22. Graakjaer, Nicolai (2014-11-27). Analyzing Music in Advertising. doi:10.4324/9781315770277. ISBN   9781315770277.
  23. 1 2 Eckhardt, G. M., and A. Bradshaw. "The Erasure of Antagonisms between Popular Music and Advertising." Marketing Theory (2014): 167-83. Print.
  24. Nicholas Cook "Music and Meaning in the Commercials", Popular Music, 1994, vol. 13, nr. 1, p. 39
  25. Nicholas Cook "Music and Meaning in the Commercials“, Popular Music, 1994, vol. 13, nr. 1, p. 35
  26. Carrie McLaren, Rick Prelinger "Salesnoise: the convergence of music and advertising“, Stay Free! 15 fall 1998, p. 1
  27. Nicholas Cook "Music and Meaning in the Commercials“, Popular Music, 1994, vol. 13, nr. 1, p. 38
  28. Bethany Klein "In Perfect Harmony: Popular Music and Cola Advertising“, p 4
  29. Bethany Klein "In Perfect Harmony: Popular Music and Cola Advertising“, p. 6
  30. Bethany Klein "In Perfect Harmony: Popular Music and Cola Advertising", p. 5
  31. Squires, Chloe (2012-03-10). "Ads: Power to the Music: Timeline: The History of Music in Advertising". Ads. Retrieved 2019-03-30.