American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

Last updated
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
AbbreviationASPCA
FormationApril 10, 1866 [1]
Legal statusFoundation
Purpose Humane care for animals
Headquarters New York City
Coordinates 40°46′48.0″N73°56′44.5″W / 40.780000°N 73.945694°W / 40.780000; -73.945694
Region served
United States
Membership
1.2 million+ [2]
Official language
English
President & CEO
Matthew E. Bershadker [3]
Website www.aspca.org

The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to preventing animal cruelty. Based in New York City since its inception in 1866, [4] the organization's mission is "to provide effective means for the prevention of cruelty to animals throughout the United States." [1]

Contents

History

The ASPCA headquarters on Madison Avenue in 1920 ASPCA headquarters.png
The ASPCA headquarters on Madison Avenue in 1920
Miss Baker, a squirrel monkey, poses with the Certificate of Merit for Distinguished Service she was awarded by the ASPCA after her successful return to Earth, the associated medal, and the couch used for her 1959 flight (to the right). Baker and her traveling companion Able were the first animals to return alive from space. Miss Baker with Certificate of Merit.jpg
Miss Baker, a squirrel monkey, poses with the Certificate of Merit for Distinguished Service she was awarded by the ASPCA after her successful return to Earth, the associated medal, and the couch used for her 1959 flight (to the right). Baker and her traveling companion Able were the first animals to return alive from space.

Following the creation of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) in the United Kingdom in 1824 (given Royal status in 1840), Henry Bergh founded the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals on April 10, 1866, in New York City [4] on the belief that "animals are entitled to kind and respectful treatment at the hands of humans, and must be protected under the law". It is the oldest animal welfare organization in the United States. On February 8, 1866, Bergh pleaded on behalf of animals at a meeting at Clinton Hall in New York City. Some of the issues he discussed were cockfighting and the horrors of slaughterhouses. [5] After getting signatures for his "Declaration of the Rights of Animals," Bergh was given an official charter to incorporate the ASPCA on April 10, 1866. [6] On April 19, 1866, the first anti-cruelty law was passed in NY since the founding of ASPCA, and the organization was granted the right to enforce anti-cruelty laws. In 1867, ASPCA operated its first ambulance for injured horses and began advocating for more humane treatment of animals such as horses, live pigeons, cats, and dogs. Early goals of ASPCA focused on efforts for horses and livestock, since at the time they were used for a number of activities. [7]

In 1918, ASPCA veterinarians developed the use of anesthesia and as a result were able to work on a horse with a broken kneecap. In 1954, ASPCA hospitals added pathology and radiography laboratories and programs. In 1961, ASPCA veterinarians performed their first open-heart surgery on a dog. [8]

From 1894 to 1994, the ASPCA operated the municipal animal shelter system in New York City which euthanized unadopted animals. Starting in 1977, the ASPCA entered into a contract with the New York City Department of Health to receive municipal funding to operate the shelter system. The contract rendered the ASPCA increasingly reliant on government income rather than private donations, and subject to the effects of annual city budget appropriations. In 1993, the ASPCA decided not to renew its contract for operating the shelter system. [9] [10] Operation of the shelter system was transferred to Center for Animal Care and Control, later renamed Animal Care Centers of NYC, in 1995. [11]

In 1996, ASPCA acquired the Animal Poison Control Center from the University of Illinois. [12] In 2013, the ASPCA made a $25 million commitment to assist at-risk animals and pet owners in the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area, including a fully subsidized spay/neuter facility in South Los Angeles operated by the ASPCA and a campaign to encourage the fostering of local vulnerable kittens. [13]

In 2014, ASPCA spoke out in support of New York City’s new mayor’s (Bill de Blasio) campaign to ban horse-drawn carriages in the city. [14]

In 2014, ASPCA opened the Gloria Gurney Canine Annex for Recovery & Enrichment (CARE) in NYC to house dogs brought by the NYPD to the ASPCA in connection with animal cruelty investigations. [15] In 2014, ASPCA also opened the ASPCA Kitten Nursery in NYC to care for neonate and very young homeless kittens until they are appropriate for adoption. [16]

In 2015, ASPCA acquired the Asheville, North Carolina–based Humane Alliance, now called the ASPCA Spay/Neuter Alliance. [17]

In 2018, ASPCA established the ASPCA Behavioral Rehabilitation Center. Located in Weaverville, North Carolina, the Center provides behavioral rehabilitation to canine victims of cruelty and neglect. The center's Learning Lab also disseminates rehabilitative aid and training to shelters around the country. [18] [19] [20]

In 2019, ASPCA opened the ASPCA Community Veterinary Center in Liberty City, Miami, Florida, to provide subsidized veterinary services for an undeserved community. [21] It also took over responsibility for The Right Horse Initiative as an official program of the ASPCA in 2019. [22]

In 2020, ASPCA opened the ASPCA Community Veterinary Center in the Bronx, New York. [23]

In 2020, ASPCA launched a series of programs in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and its effect on pets, owners, and communities including free pet food for dogs, cats, and horses in New York City, Los Angeles, Miami, and Asheville, grants to animal welfare organizations, emergency pet boarding services, a New York City COVID-19 Pet Hotline, and expanded stationary and mobile veterinary care. [24] [25]

In 2021, the Society opened the ASPCA Community Veterinary Center supported by the Alex and Elisabeth Lewyt Charitable Trust, in NYC. [26]

As of 2023, ASPCA's New York hospital was treating 9,000–10,000 patients annually. [27]

In 2023, ASPCA began releasing an annual report that grades major grocery retailers in the United States on their policies around animal welfare, such as selling cage-free eggs and pork raised without gestation crates. [28]

Controversy

ASPCA Humane Law Enforcement Division patch NYC ASPCA Police Patch.jpg
ASPCA Humane Law Enforcement Division patch

An ASPCA fundraising commercial featuring Sarah McLachlan began airing in early 2007. By December 2008, it had raised more than $30 million for the ASPCA, becoming the organization's most successful fundraising campaign. The New York Times reported that the spot became known as "The Ad" in non-profit circles. [29]

In 2021, CBS News reported that the ad misled donors, who believed that their financial contributions supported local SPCAs and animal welfare charities. The CBS News investigation focused on "questions about whether the money is going where donors expect," reporting the ASPCA raised $2 billion for animal welfare between 2008 and 2019 and spent only $146 million in grants to local animal welfare groups. In response, a spokesperson for the ASPCA said that donors were aware that the ASPCA was not an umbrella organization for local organizations with SPCA in their names. [30]

After the CBS News piece aired, two widely-shared posts on Facebook claimed that the ASPCA's CEO was paid $600,000 annually, and that only three cents of each dollar donated were used "for veterinary supplies and for transporting the animals". USA Today fact-checked the posts and found that based on ASPCA tax filings, 34.4% of the ASPCA's budget was used for shelter and veterinary care, and an average of 75.1% of expenses were used to support its mission statement. [31]

Legislation and litigation

In 2012, the ASPCA agreed to pay Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus $9.3 million to settle a lawsuit regarding the ASPCA's false allegations of animal cruelty by the circus. Courts found that ASPCA activists had paid the key witness, a former Ringling barn helper, at least $190,000, making him "essentially a paid plaintiff" who lacked credibility. [32] Edwin J. Sayres stepped down as CEO in 2012, and in 2013 longtime ASPCA staff member Matthew Bershadker was named president and CEO. [33]

The ASPCA's Government Relations, Legal Advocacy and Investigations departments work with state and federal lawmakers and engage in legislative and litigation efforts to secure stronger legal protections for animals. [34]

Some of the animal welfare issues the departments work on include ending puppy mills and breed-specific legislation. [35] [36] [37]

In 2019, the ASPCA sued the U.S. Department of Agriculture for access to animal breeder inspection records. [38]

ASPCA was among the animal welfare groups that supported the "puppy mill pipeline" bill in New York, which was signed by Governor Kathy Hochul on December 15, 2022. The law goes into effect in 2024 and will make it illegal to sell dogs, cats, and rabbits in pet stores in New York. [39] The organization's senior director of state legislation said the law is needed because many puppies are imported from other states where New York does not have jurisdiction to inspect the conditions in the breeding facility. [40]

National cruelty and field response

Vehicle for pet adoption, in Brooklyn, New York ASPCA Vehicle side view.jpg
Vehicle for pet adoption, in Brooklyn, New York

At the invitation of local agencies, ASPCA deploys to sites of large-scale animal abuse, animal neglect, natural disasters, or man-made disasters in which animals are at risk. Teams, including National Field Response, Legal Advocacy and Investigations, Forensic Sciences, the Cruelty Recovery Center, Relocation and the Behavioral Sciences team, engage in animal rescue efforts. They provide behavioral and medical treatment for the animals and support the prosecution of criminal cases with forensic science, evidence collection and analysis, and legal and expert testimony support. [41]

Cases involving torture, killings and mistreatment of animals are some examples of cases handled by the ASPCA. A common example was displayed in the news in October 2008, when ASPCA was in charge of an investigation involving the slaughtering of a beagle that lived in the Bronx. [42]

In 2016, ASPCA field deployment teams participated in a large animal cruelty rescue operation, rescuing nearly 700 animals from an unlicensed facility in North Carolina. [41]

Other large-scale ASPCA rescues included providing emergency sheltering and assistance for approximately 1,300 animals displaced during the Joplin tornado in 2011 and assisting with the care of 367 dogs in Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia in 2013, in what has been believed to be the second-largest dogfighting raid in U.S. history. [43] [44]

In September 2013, after many years of providing humane law enforcement services in NYC, the ASPCA and the New York City Police Department announced a collaboration to provide enhanced protection to New York City's animals. [45] In this partnership, the NYPD responds to all animal cruelty complaints throughout New York City, while the ASPCA provides medical and behavioral care for animal cruelty victims and provides legal and forensic assistance in the prosecution of cases. [46] [47] The ASPCA Community Engagement team also works closely with the NYPD to connect pets in need to services such as medical care, grooming and pet supplies. [48] [49]

In 2020, ASPCA also opened the ASPCA Veterinary Forensic Science Center in Gainesville, Florida, to assist law enforcement with animal cruelty investigations and prosecutions. [50]

Welfare of farm animals and horses

The ASPCA's Farm Animal Welfare Program features a “Shop With Your Heart” campaign that guides consumers on making animal welfare-conscious food buying decisions including seeking out meat, egg, and dairy products certified by one of three credible animal welfare certifications, including Global Animal Partnership (GAP), and exploring more plant-based food options. [51] [52]

The ASPCA's Right Horse Initiative is focused on increasing the number of successful horse adoptions in the U.S. and improving the number of positive outcomes for horses in transition as they move from one home, career, or owner to the next. [53]

Animal relocation

ASPCA works with other animal welfare organizations and rescue groups to relocate animals from areas with high rates of euthanasia in animal shelters to locations with higher adoption rates. Often, animals are moved from the southern to northern U.S. states. Animals may be transported using aircraft or vehicles, sometimes being relayed between transporters multiple times along the way. As of March 2022, ASPCA had a fleet of 18 vans used for transport. The organization relocated approximately 200,000 animals between 2017 and 2022. [54]

Behaviour rehabilitation centers

ASPCA operates centers where dogs that have experienced abuse or trauma receive treatment and behavior rehabilitation before being cleared for adoption. As of 2022, the organization has committed $40 million to building and operating the centers, which are located in Weaverville, North Carolina, [55] Columbus, Ohio, [56] with another being developed in Pawling, New York. [55] The Weaverville center opened in 2020 and was the world's first clinic for treating dogs that have been severely traumatized. The concept was conceived in 2010 by two ASPCA behaviorists as a way to reduce the number of dogs that are euthanized in shelters for behavior issues. The organization piloted the program in 2013 at a temporary site in Madison, New Jersey and reported that approximately 90 percent of the dogs treated recovered enough to be adopted. In 2014, ASPCA purchased land in Weaverville where it built the center. As of July 2022, the Weaverville center had 35 full-time staff, and had rehabilitated 500 dogs since opening. [55]

Publications

ASPCA's The Animal Kingdom magazine advert, 1874 ASPCA Animal Kingdom.png
ASPCA's The Animal Kingdom magazine advert, 1874

The ASPCA published The Animal Kingdom magazine in the 1870s which became Our Animal Friends: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine in the 1890s. The magazine featured articles from well known authors of the day, including Louisa May Alcott and Harriet Beecher Stowe. [57] It was renamed Animal Protection (1947–1977) and later became ASPCA Bulletin (1977–1981), ASPCA Quarterly Report (1981–1989), ASPCA Report (1989–1992) and Animal Watch: The Magazine of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (1993–2004). [58] [59] In 1964, Lloyd Alexander authored their history, Fifty Years in the Doghouse which was commissioned by the ASPCA. [60]

Copies of the ASPCA's magazine Animal Protection are digitized and stored at NC State University Libraries. [61] The ASPCA currently publishes the ASPCA Action magazine. [62]

Presidents and chairpersons

ASPCA Presidents [63] [64]
Henry Bergh 1866–1888
James M. Brown1888–1889
John P. Haines 1889–1906
William K. Horton1907–1929
William E. Bevan1929–1937
Eugene Berlinghoff1935–1953
Warren W. McSpadden1953–1958
Arthur L. Amundsen1958–1961
William Mapel1960–1972
Encil E. Rains1972–1977
Duncan Wright1977–1978
John F. Kullberg, Ed.D.1978–1991
Roger A. Caras 1991–1998
Larry M. Hawk, D.V.M.1999–2003
Edwin J. Sayres2003 – May 31, 2013
Matthew E. Bershadker From June 1, 2013
ASPCA Chairpersons
Henry Bergh1866–1888
Henry Bergh Jr.1888–1889
John P. Haines1889–1906
Alfred Wagstaff 1906–1921
Frank K. Sturgis 1921–1931
George M. Woolsey1931–1937
Alexander S. Webb1937–1947
John D. Beals Jr.1947–1952
Hugh E. Paine1952–1955
William A. Rockefeller1955–1963
James H. Jenkins1963–1969
John F. Thompson Jr.1969–1971
Charles S. Haines1971–1973
Alastair B. Martin1973–1976
Louis F. Bishop III1976–1979
Marvin Schiller1979–1981
George W. Gowen1981–1983
Thomas N. McCarter III1983–1995
James F. Stebbins1995–1997
Steven M. Elkman1997–2003
Hoyle C. Jones2003–2009 [65]
Marsha P. Perelman2009–2011 [66]
Mary Jo White2011–2012 [67]
Tim Wray2012–2016 [68]
Fred Tanne2016–2020 [69]
Sally SpoonerFrom 2020 [70]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 "About the". ASPCA. 1995-01-01. Archived from the original on 2016-11-27. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  2. "ASPCA Announces President and CEO Ed Sayres' Intention to Step Down" (Press release). ASPCA. 25 July 2012. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  3. "ASPCA Board of Directors Names Matthew Bershadker President and CEO". Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  4. 1 2 Eschner, Kat. "The ASPCA's Founder Was Known as "The Great Meddler"". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
  5. "ASPCA is founded". HISTORY. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  6. "The Development of the Anti-Cruelty Laws During the 1800's | Animal Legal & Historical Center". www.animallaw.info. Archived from the original on 2021-04-10. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  7. Priest, Claire (2019). "Enforcing Sympathy: Animal Cruelty Doctrine after the Civil War". Law & Social Inquiry. 44 (1): 136–169. doi: 10.1017/lsi.2018.11 . ISSN   0897-6546.
  8. "ASPCA". ASPCA. Archived from the original on 2005-09-07. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  9. Hicks, Jonathan P. (March 26, 1993). "A.S.P.C.A. Plans to Stop Killing Strays". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2023.
  10. Office Of Oversight and Investigations - New York City Council (June 1997). "Dying for homes: Animal care and control in New York City". Archived from the original on 2011-06-30.
  11. "Audit Report on the Shelter Conditions and Adoption Efforts of the Center for Animal Care and Control" (PDF). comptroller.nyc.gov. 2002-06-06. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-10. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  12. "Success, 150 Years In The Making The History of ASPCA' S Charitable Efforts". Pets Magazine in New York | Dogs Magazine | Cats Magazine. 2011-10-01. Archived from the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
  13. "Agency starts big pet-rescue project in California". Yahoo.com. 2014-05-06. Archived from the original on 2021-05-19. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
  14. "Who Speaks for the Carriage Horses?". New York Times. 2014-01-17. Archived from the original on 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  15. Charlesworth, Michelle (2015-10-05). "Rehab facility for abused dogs opens at Upper East Side ASPCA". ABC7 New York. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  16. Kis, Eva (14 May 2018). "PHOTOS: Inside the ASPCA's Kitten Nursery, the cutest place in NYC - Metro US". www.metro.us. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  17. "'We do one thing, and one thing only' ASPCA tackles pet overpopulation with training program devoted to high-quality, high-volume spay-neuter". avma.org. 2019-04-10. Archived from the original on 2022-08-16. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  18. Brown, Elizabeth Anne. "Puppy mill survivors are paralyzed with fear. ASPCA learned to save almost all of them". The Asheville Citizen Times. Archived from the original on 2023-02-04. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  19. "1 Of A Kind Shelter Helps Traumatized Dogs Learn To Trust Humans Again". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  20. Ulmer, Ken (2018-05-10). "Canine Crusaders: ASPCA Rehab Center Opens In Weaverville". The 828. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  21. "Residents in Liberty City area can go to this new center for free veterinary care". Miami Herald. 2019-10-28. Archived from the original on 2021-07-03. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  22. "My Right Horse Adoptable Horse of the Week – Shady". Horse Illustrated. 2021-03-29. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
  23. "ASPCA announces $45 million commitment to help animal cruelty victims and low-income pet owners". Chicago Tribune. 2019-07-11. Archived from the original on 2021-06-22. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
  24. "Americans are starting to give up their pets because of COVID-19 hardships". TODAY.com. 2 October 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  25. "Coronavirus spurs surge in North Bay pet adoptions". The North Bay Business Journal. 2020-11-09. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  26. "Around Brooklyn: Applications to community boards up". Brooklyn Eagle. 2021-04-09. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-30.
  27. Peltz, Jennifer (May 7, 2023). "Across town from show dogs, a labor to save suffering ones". Associated Press. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
  28. Rajagopal, Alarice (September 1, 2023). "Sprouts Farmers Market, Whole Foods receive 'A' grade for animal welfare". Supermarket News. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
  29. Strom, Stephanie (2008-12-26). "Ad Featuring Singer Proves Bonanza for the A.S.P.C.A." The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-03-30.
  30. "ASPCA spending may not be what donors expect, CBS News investigation finds - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 2021-08-02. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  31. Wagner, Bayliss. "Fact check: Widely shared post on ASPCA distorts charity's spending". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
  32. "Animal rights group settles lawsuit with Ringling". Denver Post. Archived from the original on December 30, 2012. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
  33. Bernstein, Jacob (28 June 2013). "Angst at the ASPCA". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  34. "Around Brooklyn: Applications to community boards up". Brooklyn Eagle. 2021-04-09. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  35. "Survey shows the risk of buying a puppy from a pet store". WXMI. 2019-12-13. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  36. "New York State lawmakers seek to stop puppy mill pipeline". NEWS10 ABC. 2020-07-23. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  37. "Rethinking the Regulation of Dog Breeds | The Regulatory Review". www.theregreview.org. 2020-04-23. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  38. "Adopt or Shop: This Dog Startup Says You Don't Have to Choose". www.bloomberg.com. 2019-05-03. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  39. Harding, Robert (December 16, 2022). "NY law ends 'puppy mill pipeline,' bans pet stores from selling cats, dogs and rabbits". The Citizen. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  40. Collins, Kate (December 15, 2022). "NY Puppy Mill Pipeline Bill signed into law by Gov. Hochul". Ithaca Journal. Archived from the original on December 26, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  41. 1 2 "Overview of ASPCA Field Investigations & Response and the Nuts and Bolts of Animals in Distress-Disasters". Maddie's Fund. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  42. "Man Charged With Killing Wife's Dog". Irishabroad.com. 2008-11-05. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  43. "Pets rescued, treated after deadly tornado". American Veterinary Medical Association. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  44. "ASPCA: 367 dogs rescued from 'horrendous conditions' in Alabama, Georgia (photos, video)". al. 2013-08-26. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  45. Tracy, Thomas (13 November 2014). "NYPD Commissioner Bill Bratton awarded for fighting animal abuse in the city". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  46. Toussaint, Kristin (30 January 2019). "ASPCA and NYPD continue their mission to protect the animals of NYC - Metro US". www.metro.us. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  47. "NYPD Animal Cruelty Investigation Squad gets its own set of wheels". www.ny1.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  48. Colangelo, Lisa L. (14 April 2013). "Intervention program helps pull animal hoarders from a downward spiral". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  49. "Pups in Jamaica to Brave Cold in Free Doghouses, ASPCA Says". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  50. Chernicoff, Michelle (2021-03-30). "ASPCA partnership brings new courses to FIU". CASE NEWS. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  51. Chaker, Anne Marie (2018-07-31). "Have You Met This Cow? She's Delicious". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  52. "Cafe Spice Joins ASPCA's Shop With Your Heart Program". Perishable News. 2019-04-08. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  53. "My Right Horse Adoptable Horse of the Week - Shady". Horse Illustrated. 2021-03-29. Archived from the original on 2021-06-18. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  54. Blum, Andrew (February 3, 2022). "How America Saved Millions of Dogs—By Moving Them". Time. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  55. 1 2 3 Solotaroff, Paul (July 4, 2022). "1,000 Dogs Are Put Down Every Day. These Trainers Are Trying to Save Them". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  56. Spears, Darcy (November 21, 2022). "More than 170 dogs euthanized in Nye County cruelty case". KTNV. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  57. Alexander, Lloyd. (1964). Fifty Years in the Doghouse. Putnam. p. 201
  58. Nyberg, Cheryl; Porta, Maria A; Boast, Carol. (1994). Laboratory Animal Welfare: A Guide to Reference Tools, Legal Materials, Organizations, Federal Agencies. BN Books. p. 38. ISBN   978-0961629397
  59. Katz, William A; Katz, Bill; Katz, Linda Sternberg. (2003). Magazines for Libraries: For the General Reader and School, Junior College, College, University, and Public Libraries. Bowker. p. 130
  60. Jacobs, James S; Tunnell, Michael O. (1991). Lloyd Alexander: A Bio-Bibliography. Bloomsbury. p. 37. ISBN   978-0313265860
  61. "American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals". NC State University Libraries. 2024. Archived from the original on September 2, 2024.
  62. "ASPCA Action". ASPCA. 2024. Archived from the original on September 2, 2024.
  63. Miltenberger, Scott Anthony (2006). Promiscuously Mixed Together: New Yorkers and Domestic Animals in the Nineteenth-century Anthrozootic City. University of California. pp. 210–220.
  64. Lane, Landon M.; Stephen L. Zawistowski Ph.D. (2007-12-30). Heritage of Care: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Praeger. pp. 147–148. ISBN   978-0275990213.
  65. "Hoyle C. Jones, Chairman and CEO of the ASPCA stands with Linda..." Getty Images. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  66. "Philadelphian Marsha Perelman Joins The Humane Society of the United States Board of Directors". The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  67. "ASPCA Elects Mary Jo White to Chair of the Board". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  68. "ASPCA Elects Tim F. Wray to Chair of the Board". ASPCA. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  69. "ASPCA Elects Frederick Tanne to Chair of the Board of Leading National Animal Welfare Organization". ASPCA. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  70. "ASPCA Elects Sally Spooner to Chair of the Board of Leading National Animal Welfare Organization". ASPCA. Archived from the original on 2021-05-23. Retrieved 2021-05-23.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pet adoption</span> Adoption of pets that have been abandoned by previous owners

Pet adoption is the process of transferring responsibility for a pet that was previously owned by another party. Common sources for adoptable pets are animal shelters, rescue groups, or other pet owners. Some organizations give adopters ownership of the pet, while others use a guardianship model wherein the organization retains some control over the animal's future use or care.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal shelter</span> Place where stray animals are housed

An animal shelter or pound is a place where stray, lost, abandoned or surrendered animals – mostly dogs and cats – are housed. The word "pound" has its origins in the animal pounds of agricultural communities, where stray livestock would be penned or impounded until they were claimed by their owners.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puppy mill</span> Type of commercial dog breeding facility

A puppy mill, also known as a puppy farm, is a commercial dog breeding facility characterized by quick breeding and poor conditions. Although no standardized legal definition for "puppy mill" exists, a definition was established in Avenson v. Zegart in 1984 as "a dog breeding operation in which the health of the mill’s dogs is disregarded to maintain a low overhead and maximize profits". They are cited as being a result of increased demand for household pets, especially after World War II. The Veterinary Medical Association of the Humane Society of the United States defines the main characteristics of a puppy mill as "emphasis on quantity over quality, indiscriminate breeding, continuous confinement, lack of human contact and environmental enrichment, poor husbandry, and minimal to no veterinary care."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Humane society</span> Group that aims to stop human or animal suffering due to cruelty or other reasons

A humane society is a group that aims to stop cruelty to animals. In many countries, the term is used mostly for societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals (SPCA). In the United Kingdom, and historically in the United States, such societies provide waterway rescue, prevention and recovery services, or may give awards for saving human life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal control service</span> Entity charged with responding to requests for help with animals

An animal control service or animal control agency is an entity charged with responding to requests for help with animals, including wild animals, dangerous animals, and animals in distress. An individual who works for such an entity was once known as a dog catcher, but is generally now called an animal control officer, and may be an employee or a contractor – commonly employed by a municipality, county, shire, or other subnational government area.

The Anti-Cruelty Society is an animal welfare organization and animal shelter in the River North neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The Anti-Cruelty Society is a private, not-for-profit humane society that does not receive government assistance. It is one of the largest such organizations in the United States. The organization offers adoption, veterinarian, and training services.

An animal rescue group or animal rescue organization is a group dedicated to pet adoption. These groups take abandoned, abused, or stray pets and attempt to find suitable homes for them. Many rescue groups are created by and run by volunteers, who take animals into their homes and care for them—including training, playing, handling medical issues, and solving behavior problems—until a suitable permanent home can be found.

Devocalization is a surgical procedure where tissue is removed from the vocal cords.

In some countries there is an overpopulation of pets such as cats, dogs, and exotic animals. In the United States, six to eight million animals are brought to shelters each year, of which an estimated three to four million are subsequently euthanized, including 2.7 million considered healthy and adoptable. Euthanasia numbers have declined since the 1970s, when U.S. shelters euthanized an estimated 12 to 20 million animals. Most humane societies, animal shelters and rescue groups urge animal caregivers to have their animals spayed or neutered to prevent the births of unwanted and accidental litters that could contribute to this dynamic.

The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) is an American nonprofit organization that focuses on animal welfare and opposes animal-related cruelties of national scope. It uses strategies that are beyond the abilities of local organizations. It works on issues including pets, wildlife, farm animals, horses and other equines, and animals used in research, testing and education. As of 2001, the group's major campaigns targeted factory farming, hunting, the fur trade, puppy mills, and wildlife abuse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dogs Trust</span> Largest dog welfare charity in the United Kingdom (started in 1891)

Dogs Trust, known until 2003 as the National Canine Defence League, is a British animal welfare charity and humane society which specialises in the well-being of dogs. It is the largest dog welfare charity in the United Kingdom, caring for over 15,000 animals each year. Dogs Trust's primary objective is to protect all dogs in the UK and elsewhere from maltreatment, cruelty and suffering. It focuses on the rehabilitation and rehoming of dogs which have been either abandoned or given up by their owners through rehoming services.

A no-kill shelter is an animal shelter that does not kill healthy or treatable animals based on time limits or capacity, reserving euthanasia for terminally ill animals, animals suffering poor quality of life, or those considered dangerous to public safety. Some no-kill shelters will commit to not killing any animals at all, under any circumstance, except as required by law. A no-kill shelter uses many strategies to promote shelter animals; to expanding its resources using volunteers, housing and medical protocols; and to work actively to lower the number of homeless animals entering the shelter system. Up to ten percent of animals could be killed in a no-kill shelter and still be considered a no-kill shelter.

Animals used by laboratories for testing purposes are largely supplied by dealers who specialize in selling them to universities, medical and veterinary schools, and companies that provide contract animal-testing services. It is comparatively rare that animals are procured from sources other than specialized dealers, as this poses the threat of introducing disease into a colony and confounding any data collected. However, suppliers of laboratory animals may include breeders who supply purpose-bred animals, businesses that trade in wild animals, and dealers who supply animals sourced from pounds, auctions, and newspaper ads. Animal shelters may also supply the laboratories directly. Some animal dealers, termed Class B dealers, have been reported to engage in kidnapping pets from residences or illegally trapping strays, a practice dubbed as bunching.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philippine Animal Welfare Society</span> Organization

The Philippine Animal Welfare Society (PAWS) is a volunteer-based, non-government organization whose goal is to prevent animal cruelty through education, animal sheltering and advocacy, based in Quezon City, Philippines. It was founded in 1954 by Muriel Jay. PAWS believes that the creation of a more peaceful society starts with the widening of mankind's circle of compassion which includes animals, thereby envisions a nation that respects animals, practices responsible pet ownership and protects wildlife. The volunteer-based organization rehabilitates these animals in the hope of finding them new homes and a second chance at a good life. PAWS does not take in pets of other people, but only victims of cruelty or neglect where the animal offenders are charged with violation of the Animal Welfare Act in court.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MSPCA-Angell</span>

The Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals-Angell Animal Medical Center (MSPCA-Angell) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization with its main headquarters on South Huntington Avenue in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1868, and is the second-oldest humane society in the United States. "MSPCA-Angell" was adopted as the society's identity in 2003, and indicates the names of its two closely related predecessor organizations: Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Angell Animal Medical Center. The organization provides direct care to thousands of homeless, injured, and abused animals each year, and provides animal adoption, a veterinary hospital, advocacy, and humane law enforcement.

The National Animal Interest Alliance (NAIA) is a non-profit organization in the United States dedicated to promoting animal welfare and animal husbandry practices, strengthening the human-animal bond, and safeguarding the rights of responsible animal owners and professionals through research, public education and public policy. The NAIA mission is "to promote the welfare of animals."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petland</span> Chain of pet stores

Petland is a privately owned operator and franchisor of pet stores based in Chillicothe, Ohio. Ed Kunzelman founded the company in 1967. Petland currently operates 131 stores in the United States, and at least 63 in foreign markets including Canada, Japan, China, Mexico, Brazil and El Salvador. The chain is notable for its controversy over documentation from the Humane Society of the United States revealing the purchase of dogs from puppy mills.

The Richmond SPCA is an independent non-profit animal shelter in Richmond, Virginia, founded in 1891.

Animal welfare in Egypt is a neglected issue. There are only a few organizations that support the rights and wellbeing of animals.

The British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is a non-profit animal welfare organization which advocates for animal protection legislation, operates animal shelters, and runs educational workshops and public awareness programs throughout British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 1896, it is a registered charitable organization and one of the largest such animal welfare organizations in North America. As of 2017, BC SPCA had 36 branches, over 500 staff members, nearly 5500 volunteers, operated 5 veterinary hospitals/clinics and a wildlife rehabilitation centre, and sheltered more than 22000 animals. It is also one of the few animal welfare organizations to monitor animals in film.

References

Much of the content of this article is based on information from the official ASPCA website: "ASPCA: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals".