Never Let Me Go, Ishiguro's sixth novel, takes place in an alternate reality of England during the 1990s in which mass human cloning is authorised and performed for the purpose of organ transplants, though this is not initially revealed to the reader. Ishiguro started writing Never Let Me Go in 1990. It was originally titled The Student's Novel.[3]
Plot
Kathy H describes herself as a carer for donors. She reminisces about her time spent at Hailsham, a boarding school, where the teachers are known as guardians. The children are closely monitored and are instructed on the importance of producing art and staying healthy; smoking is taboo. The students' best art is selected by Madame for a mysterious gallery. Kathy develops a close friendship with two other students: Ruth C and Tommy D. Kathy develops a fondness for Tommy, looking after him when he is bullied and having private talks with him. However, Tommy and Ruth form a relationship instead. At one of the school's Sales, where the students are allowed to buy items from the outside world, Kathy acquires a cassette tape containing songs by Judy Bridgewater (a fictional singer), including a song about a woman saying to her lover, "...baby, never let me go". Kathy dances to this song, imagining that she is a mother and singing the song to her child. Kathy discovers Madame looking at her from the corridor, crying, then rushing away. Kathy eventually loses the tape, and the students joke that it has gone to "Norfolk", where they believe all lost things go.
Towards the end of their time at Hailsham, the guardian Miss Lucy tells the students that they are being raised to donate organs to others (like saviour siblings), and it is predetermined that they will die young. Miss Lucy is removed from the school as a result; the students passively accept their fate.
Ruth, Tommy, and Kathy move to the Cottages when they are 16 years old. It is the first time they are allowed to explore the outside world, but they mostly keep to themselves. Ruth and Tommy are still together, and Kathy has some sexual relationships with other men. They have housemates who are not from Hailsham; they all struggle with social skills, and are revealed to be clones. Two older housemates tell Ruth that they have seen a "possible" for Ruth, an older woman who resembles her and thus could be the woman from whom she was cloned. The five of them go on a trip to see her, and the older clones discuss a rumour they have heard: that a couple can have their donations deferred for a few years if they can prove that they are in love. They believe that the privilege is for Hailsham students only and so wrongly expect that the others know how to apply for it. They find the possible in an office, but the resemblance to Ruth is only superficial; Ruth voices angrily that they must all be cloned from lower social classes.
During the trip, Kathy and Tommy leave to look for a copy of the music cassette tape that Kathy had lost at Hailsham. Tommy's recollection of the tape and desire to find it make clear the depth of his feelings for Kathy. They find the tape, and Tommy shares with Kathy a theory that the reason Madame collected their art was to determine which couples were truly in love, citing a guardian who had said that their art revealed their souls. They do not tell Ruth of the found tape or of Tommy's theory about the deferral; when Ruth finds out about these, she attempts to drive a wedge between Tommy and Kathy, telling Kathy that even if Ruth and Tommy were to split up, Tommy would never enter into a relationship with Kathy because of her sexual history. A few weeks later, Kathy applies to become a carer, meaning that she will not see Ruth or Tommy for about ten years.
Ruth's first donation goes badly and her health deteriorates. Kathy hears and becomes Ruth's carer, and both are aware that Ruth's next donation will probably be her last. Ruth suggests that she and Kathy take a trip and take Tommy with them. During the trip, Ruth expresses regret for keeping Kathy and Tommy apart. Attempting to make amends, she hands them Madame's address, urging them to seek a deferral even though Tommy has already started donating. Shortly afterward, Ruth makes her second donation and "completes", a euphemism for dying. Kathy becomes Tommy's carer, and they finally enter a relationship. Encouraged by Ruth's last wishes, they go to Madame's house to attempt to defer Tommy's fourth donation, taking new artwork from Tommy to support their claim that they are in love.
The clones are invited in by Madame, and also meet Miss Emily, their former headteacher, who lives with her. The two women reveal that deferrals do not exist. Miss Emily then explains to Kathy and Tommy that people started making clones for medical sciences and research after the 'war' (presumably the Second World War). These initial clones were brought up in terrible conditions, and Hailsham was part of a small movement to make people see clones as human and thus deserving of a cultural education and humane upbringing. The gallery was meant to convey to the outside world that the clones are in fact normal human beings with a soul. However, a series of experiments where a professor in Scotland tried to create genetically superior clones resulted in public opinion turning against the overall movement, leading to Hailsham being shut down. Upon further questioning, Miss Emily reveals that Miss Lucy wanted to change Hailsham by raising the clones with full knowledge of what was going to happen to them, but the proposal was rejected because Miss Emily felt that this would shatter the rich and happy upbringing which was the entire point. As Kathy and Tommy are leaving, Madame tells Kathy that when she saw Kathy dancing to the song "Never Let Me Go" in Hailsham, she imagined Kathy trying to hold on to an older kinder world, but one that could never come back.
Tommy and Kathy take the backroads to the donation centre. On the way, Tommy has Kathy stop the car and runs out into the field. He screams and shouts as he did back in Hailsham, till Kathy comes and calms him down. Tommy receives the notice for his fourth donation, a major event since it is widely believed that either all clones "complete" after their fourth, or are left in a horrible state where they are simply used for more and more donations till they die.
Tommy, angry when facing his death, distances himself from Kathy and eventually tells her that he wants a new carer. Kathy resigns as Tommy's carer, but still visits him till he is handed over to his new carer. The novel ends after Tommy "completes": Kathy has gotten her notice for her first donation at the end of the year, she drives up to Norfolk and stares at a garbage dump, contemplating everything she remembers and everything she lost.
Title
Never Let Me Go shares its title with a fictional song within. Kathy treasures its fictional album, Songs after Dark by Judy Bridgewater, which she purchased as a cassette tape at a Hailsham sale. On one occasion, while dancing to the song's chorus, which again contains the title line, she notices Madame watching her and crying. Madame explains the encounter when they meet at the end of the book: while Kathy reveals to the reader that she was simply thinking about holding a child, Madame connects Kathy's behaviour to the children's questioned humanity. In another section of the book, Kathy refers to the three main characters "letting each other go" after leaving the cottages.
Characters
Main characters
Kathy – The protagonist and narrator of the novel. She is a 31-year-old clone who was raised to be an organ donor. During her childhood, Kathy is free-spirited, kind, and loving, and stands up for what is right. At the end of the novel, Kathy is a young woman who does not give away much emotion as she deeply contemplates her past. As an adult, she criticises people less and is accepting of the lives of her friends.
Tommy – A male donor and childhood friend of Kathy, uncreative and isolated at Hailsham. He has a bad temper and is the object of tricks played by the other children. Miss Lucy tells him it is okay not to be creative, giving him relief, but takes it back years later, making him a quiet and sad teenager. As he matures, Tommy becomes a young man who is generally calm and thoughtful, but retains his old spirit.
Ruth – A childhood friend of Kathy, Ruth is a female donor from Hailsham who is described by Kathy as bossy. At the start of the novel, she is a self-conscious extrovert with strong opinions who attempts to be the centre of social activities. Her hopes for the future are crushed as she processes that she was born to be a donor. Ruth undergoes a transformation to become a more aware person, thinking in greater depth. She becomes an adult who is deeply unhappy and regretful.
Minor characters
Madame (Marie-Claude) – A woman who visits Hailsham to collect the children's artwork. Described as a mystery by the students at Hailsham, she appears professional and stern, and a young Kathy describes her as distant and forbidding. The children are shocked to discover that she seems disgusted by them, but she weeps when she sees Kathy dance to a love song called "Never Let Me Go".
Miss Emily – Headmistress of Hailsham. She can be very sharp, according to Kathy. The children thought that she had an extra sense that allowed her to know where children were hiding.
Miss Lucy – A teacher at Hailsham with whom the children feel comfortable. She is one of the younger teachers at Hailsham and tells the students very frankly that they exist only for organ donation. She feels a lot of stress at Hailsham and is fired for what she tells the students.
Miss Geraldine – A teacher at Hailsham who works with younger students on their art.
Chrissie – A female donor, slightly older than the three main characters, joining them at the Cottages. She completes (dies because of her organ donations) before the book ends.
Rodney – Chrissie's boyfriend, the one who originally sees Ruth's possible, the person from whom Ruth might have been cloned, out in Norfolk. He and Chrissie are mentioned to have broken up before she completed.
Analysis
Ishiguro has stated that the novel began with a plot involving a nuclear bomb, but that he then began to wonder "what the 20th century might have looked like if the incredible developments that took place in nuclear physics, culminating in the creation of the atom and hydrogen bombs, had taken place instead in the field of biology, specifically in cloning".[4]
Ishiguro said he began writing the novel in the 1990s, without a clear idea of his intentions.[5] In 2001, listening to a radio broadcast on biotechnology, he suddenly decided to direct his new novel to deal with "the sadness of the human condition". He also proposed to deal with "some of the oldest questions in literature (…) 'What does it mean to be human?' 'What is the soul?' 'What is the purpose for which we've been created, and should we try to fulfill it?'"[5]
In Contemporary Literature, author Anne Whitehead highlights the novel's focus on healthcare as particularly thought-provoking, with Kathy's status as a "carer" defining much of her adult life. Whitehead writes, "[Kathy's] preoccupations with professional success and with minor inconsistencies in the system mean that she is not addressing either her own imminent death or the larger inequities and injustices at work," and wonders, "Is 'caring,' viewed in this light, a form of labor that is socially valuable because Kathy is making a positive difference to others (preventing "agitation"), or—given the political resonances of Ishiguro's choice of word here—is it a means of preventing resistance and unrest?"[6]
John Mullan speculates that the novel's modern setting is "calculated to have a defamiliarizing effect. While this novel measures carefully the passing of time, its chronology, we soon realize, is removed from any historical reality that we can recognize".[7]
Reception
Critical reception
Upon release, Never Let Me Go received generally positive reviews. On Metacritic, the book received a 78 out of 100 based on thirty-four critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[8] According to Book Marks, the book received a "positive" consensus, based on ten critic reviews: six "rave", two "positive", and two "mixed".[9] On July/August 2005 issue of Bookmarks, the book received a (4.0 out of 5) based on critic reviews with a summary saying, "If some thought the scientific/technological premise polemical, others considered it highly provocative. In this age of major scientific debate over the future of humankind, Never Let Me Go will captivate you".[10] Globally, the work, based on Complete Review, was received generally well with much confusion, saying on the review consensus "No consensus, though many are impressed (and even more: confused) by how he goes about it".[11] The book also, based on assessments of press reviews from Complete Review, ranged from "B" to a "D".[12]
Louis Menand, in The New Yorker, described the novel as "quasi-science-fiction", saying, "even after the secrets have been revealed, there are still a lot of holes in the story [...] it's because, apparently, genetic science isn't what the book is about".[13] Sarah Kerr, in The New York Times, characterizes the novel's setup as "potentially dime-store-novel" and "an enormous gamble," but elaborates that "the theme of cloning lets [Ishiguro] push to the limit ideas he's nurtured in earlier fiction about memory and the human self; the school's hothouse seclusion makes it an ideal lab for his fascination with cliques, loyalty and friendship."[14]
Horror author Ramsey Campbell labeled it one of the best horror novels since 2000, a "classic instance of a story that's horrifying, precisely because the narrator doesn't think it is".[15]
Joseph O'Neill from The Atlantic suggested that the novel successfully fits into the coming of age genre. O'Neill writes that "Ishiguro's imagining of the children's misshapen little world is profoundly thoughtful, and their hesitant progression into knowledge of their plight is an extreme and heartbreaking version of the exodus of all children from the innocence in which the benevolent but fraudulent adult world conspires to place them".[16]
Theo Tait, a writer for The Daily Telegraph, wrote: "Gradually, it dawns on the reader that Never Let Me Go is a parable about mortality. The horribly indoctrinated voices of the Hailsham students who tell each other pathetic little stories to ward off the grisly truth about the future—they belong to us; we've been told that we're all going to die, but we've not really understood".[17]
Awards and Lists
The book continued to receive acclaim among many critics lists during and after its release. According to The Greatest Books, a site that aggregates book lists, it is "the 277th greatest book of all time".[18] In 2019, the novel ranked 4th on The Guardian's list of the 100 best books of the 21st century.[19] In 2024, the novel ranked 9th on the New York Times list of the 100 best books of the 21st century.[20]
In Japan 2014, the Horipro agency produced a stage adaptation, Watashi wo Hanasanaide (私を離さないで). Directors included Ken Yoshida, Takeyoshi Yamamoto, Yuichiro Hirakawa, and Akimi Yoshida.
Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said is a 1974 science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick. The novel is set in a futuristic dystopia where the United States has become a police state in the aftermath of a Second American Civil War. The story follows genetically enhanced pop singer and television star Jason Taverner who wakes up in a world where he has never existed.
Sir Kazuo Ishiguro is a Japanese-born British novelist, screenwriter, musician, and short-story writer. He is one of the most critically acclaimed contemporary fiction authors writing in English, having been awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in Literature. In its citation, the Swedish Academy described Ishiguro as a writer "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world".
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The Remains of the Day is a 1993 drama film adapted from the Booker Prize–winning 1989 novel by Kazuo Ishiguro. The film was directed by James Ivory, produced by Ismail Merchant, Mike Nichols, and John Calley and adapted by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. It stars Anthony Hopkins as James Stevens and Emma Thompson as Miss Kenton, with James Fox, Christopher Reeve, Hugh Grant, Ben Chaplin, and Lena Headey in supporting roles.
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The Sea is a 2005 novel by John Banville. His fourteenth novel, it won the 2005 Booker Prize.
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Down a Dark Hall is a 1974 young adult gothic novel by Lois Duncan. The book follows Kit Gordy, who is sent to a boarding school where only four students are admitted including herself. The students suddenly develop new talents, with Kit waking up one night playing a musical piece she has never heard. After they are told that they have been channeling the spirits of talented historical figures, Kit tries to escape the school before the bond between the spirits and the students becomes permanent.
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Never Let Me Go is a 2010 British dystopian romantic drama film based on Kazuo Ishiguro's 2005 novel of the same name. The film was directed by Mark Romanek from a screenplay by Alex Garland. Never Let Me Go is set in alternative history and centres on Kathy, Ruth, and Tommy, portrayed by Carey Mulligan, Keira Knightley, and Andrew Garfield, respectively, who become entangled in a love triangle. Principal photography began in April 2009. Filming locations included Andrew Melville Hall and Forest School, Walthamstow. The film was produced by DNA Films and Film4 on a US$15 million budget.
Never Let Me Go may refer to:
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↑ Kato, Norihiro (1 March 2011). Emmerich, Michael (ed.). "Send in the Clones". The American Interest. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
↑ Whitehead, Anne (Spring 2011). "Writing with Care: Kazuo Ishiguro's "Never Let Me Go"". Contemporary Literature. 52 (1): 54–88. doi:10.1353/cli.2011.0012.
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