New Guinea Exploration Expedition (1885)

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The New Guinea Exploration Expedition of 1885 was a scientific, collecting and anthropological expedition sent by the Geographical Society of Australasia to the Fly River region of Papua New Guinea. The expedition lasted for six months from 10th June to 3rd December 1885, of which five months were spent in New Guinea. They named and explored the Strickland River, [1] and made vast biological discoveries, including numerous species. [2]

Contents

History

An exploring expedition was sent to New Guinea on behalf of the three eastern colonies of Australia: Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland. The major organisation was done in Sydney, but the other two branches of the society also contributed financially. The Australian Museum in Sydney also had the right of the expedition material choice, particularly regarging zoological collections. [3] The party consisted of Captain Henry Charles Everill; sub-leaders Godfrey Hemsworth and R. G. Creagh; chief scientist and chief zoologist Dr. W. Haacke and his assistant W. Froggatt; surgeon, botanist and geologist Dr. Bernays; general collector and also assistant of the chief scientist Kendall Broadbent; botanic collector E. W. Bauerlen of Sydney; and photographer James H. Shaw.

The objects of the expedition were

. . . to ascertain and fix the geographical features of New Guinea and the nature of its fauna, flora, geology, and climate, and to illustrate the same by specimens, sketches, photographs, and written descriptions. The leader has been requested to obtain and note information regarding the language, habits, and customs of the natives; the character of their implements and utensils, and, in reference to their modes of sepulture, what implements, if any, or food, are buried with their dead, also, whether periodic feasts are held at the graves, and the traditional object of such customs. He has also to note the distance and course travelled, and to describe and fix the position of all the principal physical features of the country along the line of route, and on either side of it, as far as practicable, and daily to complete, from his observations, a feature map of the country traversed, a copy of which may be furnished to the scientific officers of the party, if desired. He is to note the number, character, distance apart, and general trend or fall of all water courses, or drainage channels crossed, the quality of water, if any, in such courses or channels; the mode of occurrence of water; springs, lakes, pools or running streams, with average depth of the same; the indications relative to probable permanence or otherwise of the same; also of periodical floods. [4]

The Society chartered the Australasian Steam Navigation Company's steam launch Bonito, of 77 tons gross register as its river boat. It left Sydney in tow of Egmont on 10 June, and left Moreton Bay on 17 June 1885 in tow of the company's steamer Wentworth for Townsville and thence to Thursday Island by the A.S.N. ferry Alexandra. The Queensland Government steamer Advance (Captain Williams), took her to the mouth of the Fly River, where she was met by the Hon. John Douglas and Rev. McFarlane aboard the missionary steamer Mary. From there she would make her way to Mibu Island, in the Fly delta, and take on coal and fresh provisions from the schooner Mavis before proceeding up-river.

Their original target, the Aird River, some 100 km further around the Gulf of Papua, was abandoned when it was learned how difficult crossing the river mouth could be. [4]

They proceeded up the Fly river to about 40 miles (60 km) past Ellangowan Island to a major tributary on the north-east side, which on 28 July they named Strickland River in honour of Sir Edward Strickland president of the Society. They proceeded up the Strickland to a point where the Bonito got stranded on a shoal or gravel bed, and a smaller party, consisting of Everill, Haacke, Shaw, Creagh, Froggatt and Waddick and some of the Javanese, [5] proceeded another 80 miles (130 km) in the whaleboat. [6] On returning to base they found tropical rains had lifted the Bonito off the shoal into deep water, so they steamed down the river and reached Thursday Island, and were back in Sydney on 3 December 1885. Stories had somehow reached Thursday Island through Rev. McFarlane, [7] that the whole expedition had been surprised and massacred during the night and the Bonito had been looted and burnt. Accounts of supposed disaster were published in Sydney and Melbourne papers of 9 November and were not contradicted until the party had returned to Thursday Island. [8] By this time a punitive expedition had been despatched from Thursday Island and a gun-boat was on its way up from Sydney. [5]

Exploration

Zoological specimens were collected by most of the expedition members. [9]

Interactions with Papuan Peoples

Collections

The people

The Europeans of the party were: [10]

Ships captain, ex-tobacco planter, spoke Malay fluently. His last years anything but heroic [11] and he died at railway station, having stumbled from the door on the wrong side of his railway carriage, and was killed by a passing train. [12]

Boatswain of the Bonito

A nautical man of Brisbane.

Son of Richard Gethin Creagh, lived Manning River, New South Wales.

German zoologist, recently resigned as head of South Australian Museum

Surgeon, botanist and geologist. He married Amy Frances Whitton on 21 August 1888

A seasoned explorer of New Guinea: he had spent 18 months with Andrew Goldie's 1877–1878 expedition, and another in 1878 with William Bairstow Ingham of the steamer Voura, and his engineer William Isles, who were murdered by tribesmen of Brooker Island, and which he survived, having been left behind at the base camp. [13] He and his brother were sea-canoeists of considerable achievements [14] He was later a professional fisherman near Pinjarra, Western Australia and was murdered by his business partner Oki Iwakichi. [15]

Of Sydney had been on an 1876 New Guinea expedition as a bird collector, with Octavius C. Stone of the Royal Geographical Society and Lawrence Hargrave. [16] He was obliged to pull out when he developed severe sciatica at Thursday Island. He was well known as collector and taxidermist for the Queensland Museum. [17]

An amateur naturalist with a good knowledge of entomology and botany, later N.S.W. State Entomologist. [18] He also collected and skinned vertebrates. [9] Froggatt Street, Turner, Canberra, is named for him.

Botanical collector, selected for the expedition by Ferdinand von Mueller, may have left Australia sometime after 1909. [19]

Artist and photographer from New Zealand. Joined the party at the last moment; engaged at a nominal salary. He was author of The Black Police (1889), later studied aboriginal rock carvings in Australia and various Pacific Islands. He was (mis)quoted in H. G. Wells' The Outline of History . [21]

Engineer of the steam launch Bonito

Publications

Maps

Online image available via the State Library of NSW Shows route taken with dates and descriptive notes, some co-ordinate positions, villages, rivers, islands. "That portion of the river above Observatory Bend was explored by Leader and party in the whaleboat; and was plotted and drawn from notes by Mr. Froggatt."

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References

  1. ↑ Everill, H.C. (1888). "Exploration of New Guinea - Capt. Everill's report". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, NSW Branch. 3&4: 170–186.
  2. ↑ Dwyer, P.D.; Minnegal, M.; Warrillow, C. (2015). "The Forgotten Expedition - 1885: Strickland River, New Guinea". Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. 101 (1): 7–24.
  3. ↑ Pulsford, E. Special record of the proceedings of the Geographical Society of Australasia in fitting out and starting the exploratory expedition to New Guinea, July, 1885. Sydney: F. Cunningham and Co.
  4. 1 2 "The Exploratory Expedition to New Guinea". The Sydney Morning Herald . No. 14, 769. New South Wales, Australia. 27 July 1885. p. 4. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  5. 1 2 W. Froggatt (10 August 1935). "New Guinea". The Sydney Morning Herald . No. 30, 453. New South Wales, Australia. p. 11. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  6. ↑ "The Geographical Expedition". The Daily Telegraph . No. 1986. New South Wales, Australia. 24 November 1885. p. 5. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  7. ↑ "General News". The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser . Vol. XL, no. 1324. New South Wales, Australia. 21 November 1885. p. 1080. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  8. ↑ "New Guinea Expedition". Evening News . No. 5779. New South Wales, Australia. 24 November 1885. p. 4. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  9. 1 2 Parnaby, H.E.; Dwyer, P.D.; Helgen, K.M. (2023). "Notes on Mammals Collected on the 1885 Geographical Society of Australasia's Expedition to New Guinea". Records of the Australian Museum. 75 (2): 79–86.
  10. ↑ "The Personnel of the Party". Geelong Advertiser . No. 11, 966. Victoria, Australia. 9 November 1885. p. 3. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  11. ↑ "To Be Homeless". The Australian Star . No. 860. New South Wales, Australia. 5 September 1890. p. 4. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  12. ↑ "A Shocking Death". The Age . No. 14, 200. Victoria, Australia. 8 September 1900. p. 9. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  13. ↑ "Cruise of the Voura". The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser . Vol. XXVII, no. 984. New South Wales, Australia. 10 May 1879. p. 729. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  14. ↑ "Over Two Thousand Miles in a Canoe". Evening Journal . Vol. XVIII, no. 5442. South Australia. 20 November 1886. p. 7. Retrieved 7 October 2017– via National Library of Australia. in their all-timber canoe built by R. J. Turk of Kingston-on Thames.
  15. ↑ "The West Murray Sensation". Kalgoorlie Western Argus . Vol. XIII, no. 720. Western Australia. 1 September 1908. p. 27. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  16. ↑ "New Guinea Exploration". South Australian Chronicle And Weekly Mail . Vol. XVIII, no. 913. South Australia. 19 February 1876. p. 6. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  17. ↑ "Personal". The Brisbane Courier . No. 16, 542. Queensland, Australia. 17 January 1911. p. 7. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  18. ↑ "Eminent Entomologist". The West Australian . Vol. 53, no. 15, 828. Western Australia. 19 March 1937. p. 26. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  19. ↑ "District Court". The Sydney Morning Herald . No. 22, 112. New South Wales, Australia. 28 November 1908. p. 6. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  20. ↑ "The Death of Mr. Senior". The Daily Telegraph . No. 2026. New South Wales, Australia. 9 January 1886. p. 10. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
  21. ↑ "Amazing Exploits of Ancient Archaeologist". Smith's Weekly . Vol. XXVIII, no. 24. New South Wales, Australia. 10 August 1946. p. 28. Retrieved 8 October 2017– via National Library of Australia.
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