Nicola, Kamloops and Similkameen Coal and Railway Company
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A prospector named Kennedy from Ashcroft was believed to be the first European to discover coal in the area. Subsequently, First Nations took quantities of coal to Lytton for blacksmiths during the Cariboo Gold Rush, as did packhorses to Clinton as early as 1869. Local settlers extracted these surface outcroppings with a pick and shovel to fuel their fires.[1][2]
Following contact with Albert Elgin Howse of Nicola[4] and reading the Dawson report of 1886, Lieutenant-Colonel William Hamilton Merritt III journeyed from Toronto in 1887. On finding coal in what is known as the Pot Hole, west of the Coldwater 1 Reserve, he purchased a large tract of coal lands. He proceeded to the Coast to form an investor syndicate to apply for a railway charter, because establishing economical transportation was a prerequisite.[5]
Railway charters
In 1891, the Nicola Valley Railway Co (NV) obtained a charter to build from Spences Bridge to the western end of Nicola Lake, with a branch line south along the Coldwater River to Voght Creek. Construction needed to commence within three years and be completed within five.[6] The NV syndicate comprised Charles Whetham, Stephen Tingley, and Dr. John M. Lefevre[7] (president).[8] Later that year, the NK&S obtained a charter for the same route by disguising its application as Kamloops to Osoyoos via the Nicola Valley and Princeton,[9] with a branch to Spences Bridge. The NV unsuccessfully opposed the NK&S application.[10] Led by Howse and W.H. Merritt,[11] the NK&S syndicate also comprised John F. Allison, R.H. Lee, A.M. Nanton, Sandford H. Fleming, Frank A. Fleming, C.H. Keefer, Geo F. Harman, and C.F. Shanley.[12]
In 1892, the NV was granted a $3,200 per mile construction subsidy,[13] and the principals obtained options on coal rights immediately south of present Merritt,[14] covering 39 to 52 square kilometres (15 to 20sqmi) of coal lands. The 1894 announcement that construction would shortly commence came to nothing.[15]
Equally unable to secure financing, the NK&S charter lapsed. W.H.Merritt and two others were all that remained of the original syndicate when the NK&S charter for a Spences Bridge–Nicola line was renewed in 1903.[9] The $6,400 per mile federal construction subsidy for the first 72 kilometres (45mi) was expected to also attract provincial financial assistance.[16] That year, they sold the charter to eastern capitalists[17] from Ontario.[18] A year later, a New York syndicate apparently bought the charter.[19]
Railway construction project
Approval in principle
In 1904, false rumours circulated that CP had acquired the NK&S charter.[14] That year, John Hendry, who possessed good connections within CP, staked out 1,100 hectares (2,700 acres) of coal rights southwest of present Merritt with the intention of starting a colliery. That summer, Dr. R.W. Ells conducted coal surveys, which appeared in the annual report of the Geological Survey Department that year. This highlighting of the coalmining potential lifted the Nicola Valley out of obscurity.[1] Ellis concluded that the coal quality and reserves compared very favourably with those of Vancouver Island and the Crowsnest.[20]
Associated opposition
Coal magnate James Dunsmuir had been unsuccessful in acquiring John Hendry's extensive coal rights. In August 1905, he secured an option for coal development on another 1,100 hectares (2,800 acres) but planned to leave the property idle for two years. This would eliminate competition from other speculators and also benefit his Vancouver Island mines, but the landowners thwarted his attempts. Next, he claimed the coal was of poor quality and limited quantity, so he was no longer interested in the option. He imagined his rejection of the area might induce Hendry to abandon the adjoining coal rights. However, the press exposed the scandal and dashed his hopes of buying up all the Nicola options at bargain prices.[20]
Approval to proceed
In May 1905, CP announced that work would begin that summer on the railway line,[21] the prime contractor having acquired the NK&S charter on behalf of the railway.[22]
CP obtained locomotive coal from Vancouver Island mines, where labour disputes threatened the ongoing supply. Consequentially, access to the Nicola region reserves assumed greater importance.[23]
Progress
Loss and MacDonnell, the prime contractor,[14] commenced the $1,500,000 project in July 1905. To minimize heavy rock cuts, the right-of-way crossed the Nicola River multiple times.[24] That month, the wagon road, which had struggled to justify a bi-weekly stage service, introduced competing daily services.[25]
Northwest portal of Clapperton Tunnel, 2015
The initial subcontractors west to east were:
Foss and Sutherland, 6 kilometres (4mi), involving some heavy rock work.
Ironside, Rannie and Campbell, 5 kilometres (3mi), requiring heavy rock work and the heaviest earth cuts.
Pat Allen, 6 kilometres (4mi), consisting mainly of earthwork.
Bright, 16 kilometres (10mi), involving stretches of comparatively light construction work.
That October, a new work camp was set up at Coutlee to work both ways.[27] The next month, Ironside, Rannie and Campbell were awarded the bridgework, tracklaying and ballasting contract.[28] By December, one thousand men were working at 20 different camps along the route.[29]
In January 1906, tracklaying began at Spences Bridge. In mid-March, the eastward advance of the rail head reached the Clapperton Tunnel,[30] having progressed at 1.2 kilometres (0.75mi) per day. When subcontractor McLean finished the tunnel, tracklaying proceeded.[31] That year, labour shortages continued to delay progress.[32] The rail head reached Coutlee in early June 1906[30] and Nicola in November 1906.[33]
Following inspection of the completed line in March 1907,[34] tri-weekly passenger service began at the beginning of April.[35]
Extension
CP proposed to later extend the track eastward via Quilchena to Princeton.[23] The construction announcement in June 1909 revealed the plan had been revised to an extension southward from Merritt via the Coldwater River.[36] By December 1910, 6 kilometres (4mi) of track had been laid.[37] In late September 1911, the rail head reached Otter Summit.[38]
Skuhun (KV Potato Illahe) Creek: 5-metre (15ft) wall culvert span. Replaced by 5-metre (18ft) timber deck bridge on concrete abutments in 1946, which were damaged in the 1948 flood.
Shakan Creek: 5-metre (15ft) wall culvert span. Replaced by 5-metre (15ft) timber deck bridge on concrete abutments at unknown date. A 91,000-litre; 24,000-US-gallon (20,000impgal) enclosed tank erected c.1925 on the south side of the main line. Deactivated winter 1953–54. Removed.
^a . Mileages are 1931–1961, measured from the Spences Bridge Station building.[59] ^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931. ^c . Section house erected on the southwest side of the main line. ^d . Station opened as Cartwright, prior to rename within a year. Conway Edward Cartwright and John Clapperton were valley pioneers.[35][56]
Being about half way on the Nicola wagon road, James Phair established a ranch and stopping place c.1875. The establishment had a liquor licence and was well patronized prior to the railway.
Nicola River: 46-metre (150ft)Howe truss. Replaced by 48-metre (158.7ft) steel through truss span in 1942. Later strengthened by an exterior truss span. East abutment washed out in 1948. Permanent repairs completed in 1951.
Nooaitch Creek: 5-metre (16ft) timber deck on concrete abutments. A 91,000-litre; 24,000-US-gallon (20,000impgal) enclosed tank existed on the south side of the main line. Deactivated winter 1953–54. Removed.
^a . Mileages are 1931–1961, measured from the Spences Bridge Station building.[59] ^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931. ^c . At the end of the farm road off Dot Ranch Cutoff Rd. Both on the northeast side of the main line, the station was immediately to the north and the section house just beyond. ^d . Named after Dalton (Dot) Marpole, local rancher and son of CP's Richard Marpole. In Jan 1908, Dot died when his ranch house burned.
CP Infrastructure and incidents for Canford Mill–Coyle
Nicola River: 46-metre (150ft) Howe truss. Replaced by 48-metre (158.7ft) steel through truss span in 1940. Later strengthened by exterior truss span. When east abutment washed out in 1949, permanent repairs were not completed until 1952. Filming location for Jurassic World: Dominion (2022). The 2021 Pacific Northwest floods washed away the bridge.
Nicola River: 30-metre (100ft) Howe truss. Replaced by 34-metre (110ft) steel pony truss span in 1938. Washed out embankment at west end from 1948 flood replaced by 12-bent pile trestle, and later by 7-bent pile trestle and fill. Adjacent to Spius Creek mouth. Commonly known as Petit Creek. Vincent Petit settled in early 1870s.
^a . Mileages are 1931–1961, measured from the Spences Bridge Station building.[59] ^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931. ^c . Named for the Nicola Valley Lumber Co sawmill built in 1908, destroyed by fire c.1909, and rebuilt in 1911. ^d . Station erected on the south side of the main line about 400 metres (0.25mi) east of Sunshine Valley Rd crossing. ^e . In 1903, the settlement was named after Canford, Dorset.[82]
In 1949, 8 loaded cattle cars ran away from Merritt. The chasing locomotive derailed some cars on trying to couple east of the Coyle siding switch. The brakeman on the pilot locomotive was killed. An eastbound train hit the remainder west of the switch, derailing the locomotive. A large number of cattle were killed.
^a . Mileages are 1931–1961, measured from the Spences Bridge Station building.[59] ^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931. ^c . Near the southern fork of Coyle Rd, the station was erected on the northeast side of the main line and the section house erected on the southwest side. ^d . Area called Lower Nicola. Station opened as Woodward, prior to rename within a year.[35][79]
CP Infrastructure and incidents for Coutlee–Merritt
^a . Mileages are 1931–1961, measured from the Spences Bridge Station building.[59] ^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931. ^c . Station erected on the southwest side of the main line. ^d . In 1873, Alexander Coutlee pre-empted and built a house. In the early 1880s, he built a hotel, store and warehouse.[87]
CP Infrastructure and incidents for Merritt–Nicola
In 1916, an eastbound silk train, carrying $1.25 million of silk, crashed head on into a stationary logging train, when the switch had been incorrectly left set for the Nicola spur. Both locomotives derailed and sustained serious damage.
^a . Mileages are 1931–1961, measured from the Spences Bridge Station building.[59] ^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931. ^c . Station and section house erected on the northeast side of the main line. ^d . Station existed in the middle of the Coldwater, Coutlee, Voigt, and Garcia block. ^e . Wye existed in the middle of the Coldwater, Coutlee, Garcia, and Tutill block. Southeast leg imprint remains visible. Tails: west to Spences Bridge, south to Brodie, and east to Nicola. The wye was used primarily to turn locomotives.
In 1906 Coal Gulley, one of the first coal companies to begin production, was taken over by Nicola Valley Coal and Coke Co (NVC).[2] That year, NVC, Coldwater Coal Co, and Diamond Vale Coal and Iron Mines, began drilling on their holdings.[91] NVC founded the Middlesboro Collieries (about 1.6 kilometres (1mi) southwest of Merritt). Diamond Vale was in the northeast of the Merritt coalfield (about 1 kilometre (0.6mi) east of Merritt). The Coldwater River formed the boundary between the Middlesboro and the Diamond Vale properties.[3]
While the railway infrastructure was being built, the mining companies prepared for production. The first carload of coal came up out of the NVC mine in January 1907, but the first train load shipped out was that June. Middlesboro, the largest mine in the valley, used coal cutting machines. The coal was loaded onto 1,400-kilogram (3,000lb) capacity cars, which were brought to the surface by mules or horses, or up very steep slopes by steel cable and hoist.[2]
In May 1908, NVC chartered a train to bring a hundred of Vancouver's most influential businessmen to inspect the Middlesboro operation. By 1909, NVC was supplying fuel for the city of Kamloops and CP steam locomotives.[91] Most of the coal produced was for railway use.[3]
Exhausted coal seams in existing mines decreased production in the late 1920s. The Great Depression reduced demand in the 1930s.[2] On the spur crossing the river, the replacement of a wooden bridge with a steel one in 1938 indicated confidence in the mining future.[92]
During World War II, a federal subsidy to coal producers kept prices affordable for consumers. When the subsidy was withdrawn in 1944, Middlesboro Collieries closed permanently.[93] Over the decades, the company produced 124,150 tonnes (136,852 short tons) of coal, and Diamond Vale (closed in 1945) produced 42,087 tonnes (46,393 short tons).[3] At the time, the replacing of coal-burning locomotives with diesel ones severely reduced demand.[2]
In 1946, Gerard and Associates bought the Middlesboro Mining Co, renaming it the Coldwater Coal Co. The mine finally closed in 1963.[94] Only a fraction of coal reserves were recovered during the five decades of mining.[2]
Railway operation and demise
In November 1915, the Kettle Valley Railway (KV) took over the management of the line,[95] and coal shipments continued as the primary traffic. During 1916–1959, blockages on the KV Coquihalla segment or in the lower Fraser Canyon created bursts of activity when trains temporarily diverted via Merritt. In October 1957, passenger service (provided by mixed trains) ended. When the Coquihalla track closed in late 1959, trains rerouted via Merritt but stopped at no stations officially, but unofficial stops between Meritt and Spences Bridge were not uncommon.[59]
Train Station, Merritt, 1940
The freight crew base moved from Brookmere to Merrit in 1966, where it remained until 1985. The Merritt station freight revenue exceeded $6 million annually during the 1970s. Freight comprised lumber and chips from the mills, equipment for industry and ranches, and copper and iron from Coyle.[96] The spur to Nicola was abandoned in 1979 and the rails lifted in 1980.[97]
After Penticton station closed in 1985, an additional crew was based at Merritt to handle the three times weekly service to Princeton, Penticton and Okanagan Falls. The final train from Penticton was March 1989 and from Princeton was in April. The final trip to Spences Bridge was that May.[59] The rails were lifted in 1991[98] and 1992. The province purchased the right-of-way in 1995 and returned the parts through the reserves to First Nations.[58]
Rail trail
Around 2019, plans were made to rehabilitate the rail bed toward Spences Bridge and Brookmere. However, when the 2021 flood took out the bridges and most of the rail bed, interest in the proposal evaporated. The first step to revive the project was completion of the short Merritt–Coutlee leg in 2024.[99]
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Spuzzum is an unincorporated community in the lower Fraser Canyon area of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. The place is on the west shore of the Fraser River and north shore of Spuzzum Creek. The locality, on BC Highway 1, is by road about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Hope and 69 kilometres (43 mi) south of Lytton.
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The Coldwater River is in south central British Columbia, Canada. The river is the largest tributary of the Nicola River, which is joined at Merritt.
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The Coquihalla railway link, operated by the Kettle Valley Railway (KV), a Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) subsidiary, connected the Coquihalla Summit and Hope in southwestern British Columbia. This standard gauge trackage, which followed the Coquihalla River through the North Cascades, formed the greater part of the KV Coquihalla Subdivision.
Nicola is an unincorporated community in the Nicola region of south central British Columbia. The place is on the north side of the Nicola River at the southwestern end of Nicola Lake. On BC Highway 5A, the locality is by road about 11 kilometres (7 mi) northeast of Merritt, 77 kilometres (48 mi) southeast of Spences Bridge, and 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of Kamloops.
Smuin, Joe (2003). Kettle Valley Railway Mileboards. North Kildonan Publications. ISBN0-9696971-2-0.
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