Niland Geyser

Last updated
Niland Geyser
Mud pot
20190910-mudpotweb-01.jpg
Niland Geyser in 2019
Relief map of California.png
Red pog.svg
Location in California
Coordinates: 33°17′06″N115°34′37″W / 33.284992°N 115.576916°W / 33.284992; -115.576916
LocationImperial County, California
Elevation−58 m (−190 ft)
[1]

Niland Geyser (nicknamed the "Slow One" [2] and formally designated W9) [3] is a moving mud pot or mud spring outside Niland, California in the Salton Trough in an area of geological instability due to the San Andreas Fault, [4] formed due to carbon dioxide being released underground. It is the only mud pot or mud volcano known to have moved so significantly. [5] [2] The geyser has required costly engineering works since 2018 as it has impinged on the Union Pacific Railroad, California State Route 111, and other infrastructure.

Contents

History

The "geyser" formed around 1953 [4] [6] about 5 miles (8.0 km) northwest of Niland [7] in Mundo, [3] just south of Gillespie Road and east of Route 111 and Davis Road. [8] In 2008, David Lynch and Kenneth Hudnut described it as a "Large active shieldlike pot" located on private land at 33°17.117′ -115°34.620' and gave it the designation W9. [9] It is one of around 33 mud pots and mud volcanoes near the south-eastern shore of the Salton Sea, [3] [10] mainly in a line likely linked to a fault line although W9 is an outlier. [9] In 2015 or 2016, [5] possibly following seismic activity [7] though this is disputed by the United States Geological Survey, [5] the geyser began to move unprecedentedly quickly south-west, [5] as judged by satellite images. [2] Before the recent movement the spring released water to the south and west from 2005, with the Imperial Irrigation District digging a trench in 2014 in an unsuccessful attempt to direct water away from the Union Pacific Railroad. [8] In October 2017, it released a large volume of muddy water into drainage ditches to the east of the tracks. [3] It has moved at a rate of about 20 feet (6.1 m) per year in 2018 [5] then 10 feet (3.0 m) per month by 2020. [7] By late 2018, it had created a 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2) basin. [5] It is near the Wister fault, an extension of the San Andreas fault, and is moving perpendicular to fault lines. [5] Its slow movement has seen it called the Slow One, an allusion to the expected Big One earthquake. [2] It is disputed whether other mud springs have moved; most sources say none are known to have done so [8] while Max Rudolph of UC Davis says some have but only noticeably on a timescale of decades. [2]

Mitigation

Union Pacific Railroad

In May 2018, the railroad employed geological surveyors from the company Shannon & Wilson to assess the site and they in turn involved David Lynch, a Caltech researcher who had previously studied the mud pots. [3] They found that small waves from the geyser were gradually eroding the edge of the caldera. [3] As the geyser moved towards critical transport infrastructure over summer 2018, Imperial County declared an emergency [2] in June, which was extended in August. [10]

Engineers dug three wells to attempt to release pressure; the first caused a blowout of 100 feet (30 m) of muddy water, though the second did not meet significant amounts of gas or water, and the third needed to be sunk to a depth of 400 feet (120 m) to hit gas. [3] They also dumped riprap into the western edge, pumped surface water away at a rate of 40,000 gallons per day to reveal the bottom at 25 feet (7.6 m) deep, and in June 2018 they sank steel sheeting 75–80 feet (23–24 m) deep and 100 feet (30 m) wide between the geyser and railroad tracks. [5] [3] The original pool was emptied, but several small mud pots were still in the basin. [8]

However, these efforts were unsuccessful. By the middle of July the bubbling water had reached the steel wall [8] and in October 2018 the geyser breached the steel wall and continued under it. Driven by an expulsion of gas, a 25 feet (7.6 m) deep and 70 feet (21 m) wide sinkhole appeared on the track side of the wall and then filled with water. [5] [3] The engineers repeatedly backfilled the eastern side of the caldera with riprap, which was swallowed by the hole, [3] though the basin left to the east was eventually filled by mid-October. [8] The geyser intersected with the Union Pacific Railroad in late 2018, with major engineering work required to allow freight rail traffic of around 70 trains per day [3] between Inland Empire and Yuma, Arizona to continue, though speeds were reduced. [2] These works included building temporary tracks called a shoofly in October, [5] which required weekly tamping to keep operational. [3] A second shoofly was built on the eastern side, where the geyser had come from. [8]

State Route 111

State Route 111 near Niland in 2016 CA 111 north Niland.jpg
State Route 111 near Niland in 2016

In September 2019 Caltrans began a three-phase $19 [6] -21.5 [11] million mitigation project to protect California State Route 111, [12] which goes from Interstate 10 to Mexico. [2] The plans included using steel walls to divert water into a gravel wash, digging drainage under the road to direct subsurface water to a wash west of the road, and building a 5-mile (8.0 km) [13] temporary road 50 feet (15 m) to the west to divert around the geyser, with the original road being rebuilt once the geyser had passed. [12] [6] In late September 2019, the road was closed for two weeks at Davis and Gillespie Roads for mitigation measures including building drainage, reducing custom to local businesses and tourism. Through traffic was diverted to the west of the Salton Sea along California State Route 86. [14]

Work was done in August 2020 with the closure of one lane for a week, with a reduced speed limit in place. [15] Imperial County Board of Supervisors approved further emergency mitigation measures in October 2020. [7] Further work was completed in April 2021 to extend the temporary road, again briefly closing one lane of traffic. [16] As of December 2021, the movement had slowed to 3 feet (0.91 m) per month and the geyser had begun to undermine the old road's surface. [17]

Other infrastructure

The Santa Fe Pacific Pipeline owned by Kinder Morgan [2] that transports fuel from San Diego to Imperial was diverted at a cost of $3 million [18] in early 2019. [4] [6] [7] [3] By 2020 the geyser threatened fiber-optic lines [7] owned by Verizon [2] and AT&T, which were moved. [13]

Assuming the geyser continues in the same direction towards the Salton Sea 2 miles (3.2 km) away, it may further cross a parking lot, a minor road, ponds, and fields. [3]

Composition

Geyser is a misnomer because the formation is not geothermal and the water, mud, and bubbling gas is not heated, [5] only measuring about 80 °F (27 °C). [2] The Niland geyser releases water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, [7] with the bottom of the pool like quicksand due to liquefaction. [11] Geologists from the railroad found that a pressure dome is pushing water into the geyser. [7] It is thought to be caused by underground carbon dioxide, released from rocks by tectonic processes as the San Andreas Fault and the East Pacific Rise interact and compress sediment from the Colorado River [5] into sandstone and greenschist rock. [2] The hydrogen sulfide released from the pool, easily recognisable by its rotten egg smell, may originate from rotting algae or from geological activity. [5] Repeated seismic activity cracked the bedrock, enabling gases to reach the surface. [2] The surrounding rock is soft sedimentary mudstone. [2]

Geologists David Lynch and Travis Deane have hypothesised that the carbon dioxide is travelling to the surface via a tilted route, with the upper side of the channel gradually being eroded by the water and gas and the lower side building up as sediment falls onto it. This would explain the horizontal movement of the spring, which would be expected to stop when the spring is directly above the source. [8]

For safety reasons, there is no public access. [7] The carbon dioxide released from the geyser tends to fill its crater, making it an extreme danger of suffocation for anybody in close proximity though the concentration drops within a few feet. [2]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geyser</span> Natural explosive eruption of hot water

A geyser is a spring with an intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by steam. The formation of geysers is fairly rare, and is caused by particular hydrogeological conditions that exist only in a few places on Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imperial County, California</span> County in California, United States

Imperial County is a county located on the southeast border of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 179,702, making it the least populous county in Southern California. The county seat and largest city is El Centro. Imperial is the most recent California county to be established, as it was created in 1907 out of portions of San Diego County.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geothermal areas of Yellowstone</span> Geyser basins and other geothermal features in Yellowstone National Park

The geothermal areas of Yellowstone include several geyser basins in Yellowstone National Park as well as other geothermal features such as hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles. The number of thermal features in Yellowstone is estimated at 10,000. A study that was completed in 2011 found that a total of 1,283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone, 465 of which are active during an average year. These are distributed among nine geyser basins, with a few geysers found in smaller thermal areas throughout the Park. The number of geysers in each geyser basin are as follows: Upper Geyser Basin (410), Midway Geyser Basin (59), Lower Geyser Basin (283), Norris Geyser Basin (193), West Thumb Geyser Basin (84), Gibbon Geyser Basin (24), Lone Star Geyser Basin (21), Shoshone Geyser Basin (107), Heart Lake Geyser Basin (69), other areas (33). Although famous large geysers like Old Faithful are part of the total, most of Yellowstone's geysers are small, erupting to only a foot or two. The hydrothermal system that supplies the geysers with hot water sits within an ancient active caldera. Many of the thermal features in Yellowstone build up sinter, geyserite, or travertine deposits around and within them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mudpot</span> Hot spring, or fumarole, with limited water

A mudpot, or mud pool, is a type of acidic hot spring, or fumarole, with limited water. It usually takes the form of a pool of bubbling mud, as a result of the acid and microorganisms decomposing surrounding rock into clay and mud.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salton Sea</span> Shallow saline lake in southern California

The Salton Sea is a shallow, landlocked, highly saline endorheic lake in Riverside and Imperial counties at the southern end of the U.S. state of California. It lies on the San Andreas Fault within the Salton Trough, which stretches to the Gulf of California in Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imperial Valley</span> Valley in California, United States

The Imperial Valley of Southern California lies in Imperial and Riverside counties, with an urban area centered on the city of El Centro. The Valley is bordered by the Colorado River to the east and, in part, the Salton Sea to the west. Farther west lies the San Diego and Imperial County border. To the north is the Coachella Valley region of Riverside County, which together with Imperial Valley form the Salton Trough, or the Cahuilla Basin, also the county line of Imperial and Riverside counties, and to the south the international boundary with Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California State Route 111</span> Highway in California

State Route 111 is a state highway in the U.S. state of California. It is the main north-south route and retail corridor through the Coachella Valley, a part of the Colorado Desert in the southeastern corner of the state and a famous resort destination. It also runs through the Imperial Valley, and along the eastern shore of the Salton Sea. Its southern terminus is at Imperial Avenue and 1st Street in Calexico, at the former entrance to the Calexico West Port of Entry. SR 111's northern terminus is at Interstate 10 at the northwestern corner of the Palm Springs city limits, near the unincorporated community of Whitewater.

Induced seismicity is typically earthquakes and tremors that are caused by human activity that alters the stresses and strains on Earth's crust. Most induced seismicity is of a low magnitude. A few sites regularly have larger quakes, such as The Geysers geothermal plant in California which averaged two M4 events and 15 M3 events every year from 2004 to 2009. The Human-Induced Earthquake Database (HiQuake) documents all reported cases of induced seismicity proposed on scientific grounds and is the most complete compilation of its kind.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mud volcano</span> Landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases

A mud volcano or mud dome is a landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases. Several geological processes may cause the formation of mud volcanoes. Mud volcanoes are not true igneous volcanoes as they do not produce lava and are not necessarily driven by magmatic activity. Mud volcanoes may range in size from merely 1 or 2 meters high and 1 or 2 meters wide, to 700 meters high and 10 kilometers wide. Smaller mud exudations are sometimes referred to as mud-pots.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fountain Paint Pot</span> Mud pot located in Lower Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park

The Fountain Paint Pot is a mud pot located in Lower Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crystal Geyser</span> Geyser in Utah

Crystal Geyser is a cold water, carbon dioxide driven geyser located on the east bank of the Green River approximately 9 miles (14 km) downstream from Green River, Utah, United States.

A soda geyser is a physical reaction between a carbonated beverage, usually Diet Coke, and Mentos mints that causes the beverage to be expelled from its container. The candies catalyze the release of gas from the beverage, which creates an eruption that pushes most of the liquid up and out of the bottle. Lee Marek and "Marek's Kid Scientists" were the first to publicly demonstrate the experiment on the Late Show with David Letterman in 1999. Steve Spangler's televised demonstration of the eruption in 2005 became popular on YouTube, launching a chain of several other Diet Coke and Mentos experiment viral videos. Experiments carried out at altitudes ranging from below sea level in Death Valley to the summit of Pikes Peak have demonstrated that the reaction works better at higher elevations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woodside, Utah</span> Ghost town in Utah, United States

Woodside is a ghost town located on the west bank of the shallow Price River in the nearly uninhabited eastern part of Emery County, Utah, United States. Its fenced-in filling station is one of the only signs of human activity along the lonely stretch of U.S. Route 6/191 between Wellington and Green River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geysers on Mars</span> Putative CO2 gas and dust eruptions on Mars

Martian geysers are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw. "Dark dune spots" and "spiders" – or araneiforms – are the two most visible types of features ascribed to these eruptions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coyote Mountains</span> Mountain range in California, United States

The Coyote Mountains are a small mountain range in San Diego and Imperial Counties in southern California. The Coyotes form a narrow ESE trending 2 mi (3.2 km) wide range with a length of about 12 mi (19 km). The southeast end turns and forms a 2 mi (3.2 km) north trending "hook". The highest point is Carrizo Mountain on the northeast end with an elevation of 2,408 feet (734 m). Mine Peak at the northwest end of the range has an elevation of 1,850 ft (560 m). Coyote Wash along I-8 along the southeast margin of the range is 100 to 300 feet in elevation. Plaster City lies in the Yuha Desert about 5.5 mi (8.9 km) east of the east end of the range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sand geyser</span> Geologic phenomenon

A sand geyser,sand fountain or sand blow is a geologic phenomenon which occurs in association with earthquakes and other seismic events. In the geologic record, these are seen as clastic dikes. It is described as "a geyser of sand and water that shoots from the ground during a major earthquake." A quake can cause underlying sand to liquefy while pressure forces the eruption of the sand mixture to the surface. The mixture of sand and water can also contain dissolved gases such as methane and carbon dioxide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salton Trough</span> Active tectonic pull-apart basin in California, United States and Baja California, Mexico

The Salton Trough is an active tectonic pull-apart basin, or graben. It lies within the Imperial, Riverside, and San Diego counties of southeastern California and extends south of the Mexico–United States border into the state of Baja California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soda Springs Geyser</span> Artificial carbonated spring in Idaho, US

The Soda Springs Geyser is an Artesian well drilled into the carbonated aquifer that lies beneath Soda Springs, Idaho. Thousands of natural springs in the area were a landmark on the Oregon Trail.

The Salton Buttes are a group of volcanoes in Southern California, on the Salton Sea. They consist of a 7-kilometer (4.3 mi)-long row of five lava domes, named Mullet Island, North Red Hill, Obsidian Butte, Rock Hill and South Red Hill. They are closely associated with a fumarolic field and a geothermal field, and there is evidence of buried volcanoes underground. In pre-modern times Obsidian Butte was an important regional source of obsidian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geothermal activity</span> Activity resulting from underground heat

Geothermal activity is a group of natural heat transfer processes, occurring on Earth's surface, caused by the presence of excess heat in the subsurface of the affected area, usually caused by the presence of an igneous intrusion underground. Geothermal activity can manifest itself in a variety of different phenomena, including, among others, elevated surface temperatures, various forms of hydrothermal activity, and the presence of fumaroles that emit hot volcanic gases.

References

  1. ↑ National Elevation Dataset via gpsvisualizer.com
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Reyes-Velarde, Alejandra; Lin II, Rong-Gong (November 1, 2018). "A San Andreas fault mystery: The 'slow-moving disaster' in an area where the Big One is feared". Los Angeles Times.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Francuch, Dean G; Deane, Travis; Zamora, Carol (2019). "The meandering Mundo Mud Pot: Or how Salton Sea tectonics affect international trade". Proceedings of the 70th Highway Geology Symposium: 439–456.
  4. 1 2 3 Deane, R. Travis; Lynch, David K. "A Moving Mud Spring Threatening Critical Infrastructure, Imperial County, California". Geo-Congress 2020. ASCE.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Andrews, Robin George (November 9, 2018). "A bubbling pool of mud is on the move, and no one knows why". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Handy, Shannon (March 18, 2021). "Moving geyser impacting major roadway in Imperial County". CBS8. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kirby, Kayla (October 7, 2020). "Niland geyser continues to threaten Imperial County". The Desert Review.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lynch, David K.; Deane, Travis (2019). "A moving mystery". Civil Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineers.
  9. 1 2 Lynch, David K.; Hudnut, Kenneth W. (August 2008). "The Wister Mud Pot Lineament: Southeastward Extension or Abandoned Strand of the San Andreas Fault?" (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 98 (4): 1720–1729. doi:10.1785/0120070252.
  10. 1 2 McDaniel, Chris (August 8, 2018). "Union Pacific railroad, SR-111, threatened by 'mud pot'". Imperial Valley Press.
  11. 1 2 Yousif, Arlette (April 29, 2021). "SPECIAL REPORT: A world-known phenomenon in our backyard". KYMA.
  12. 1 2 "Caltrans Builds Niland SR-111 Detour to Bypass Moving Mud Pot". The Desert Review. September 6, 2019.
  13. 1 2 Rapoport, Irwin (March 9, 2020). "S&B Construction Battles Mud Pots Near San Diego". Construction Equipment Guide.
  14. ↑ Maresh, Michael (October 5, 2019). "Highway 111 closure causes frustration for community". Imperial Valley Press.
  15. ↑ "SR-111 Niland geyser mitigation project update". Imperial County Transportation Commission. August 6, 2020.
  16. ↑ "SR-111 lane closures north of Niland through Friday". The Desert Review. April 12, 2021.
  17. ↑ Bailey, Jim; Deane, R. Travis (July 21, 2022). "Migrating Mud Pot - Emergency Responses to Protect Critical Transportation Infrastructure". Highway Geology Symposium. 71. Transportation Research Board: 542-552.
  18. ↑ Montenegro Brown, Richard (November 17, 2018). "Geyser threat compels Kinder Morgan to re-route pipeline". Imperial Valley Press.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.