Noliwe Rooks | |
---|---|
Born | 1963 (age 59–60) |
Occupation(s) | Chair of and professor in the Africana Studies department at Brown University |
Academic background | |
Alma mater | University of Iowa |
Academic work | |
Institutions | |
Notable works | Hair Raising: Beauty, Culture and African American Women Ladies Pages: African American Women's Magazines and the Culture that Made Them Contents
White Money/Black Power: African American Studies and the Crises of Race in Higher Education Cutting School: Privatization, Segregation, and the End of Public Education |
Noliwe Rooks (born 1963) is an American academic and author. She is the L. Herbert Ballou University Professor and chair of Africana Studies at Brown University and is the founding director of the Segrenomics Lab at Brown. [1] She previously held the W.E.B. Du Bois Professorship of Literature at Cornell University. [2]
Rooks was born in 1963 to Belvie Rooks, a writer from the Fillmore District in San Francisco. [3] Rooks spent her childhood in San Francisco with her mother and in Florida with her father and grandmother. [3] She also traveled with her mother to Africa and the Caribbean. [3]
Rooks earned her B.A. in English from Spelman College and her M.A. and Ph.D. in American Studies from the University of Iowa. [4]
By 1996, Rooks was one of the first Black professors in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Missouri–Kansas City. [3] She was the associate director of the African-American program at Princeton University for ten years, [5] [6] and published White Money, Black Power: The Surprising History of African American Studies and the Crisis of Race in Higher Education while she was there. [7]
Rooks arrived at Cornell University in 2012 as an associate professor of Africana studies. At Cornell, Rooks was the W.E.B. Du Bois Professor of Literature and published Cutting School: Privatization, Segregation, and the End of Public Education. [5] [8] In Cutting School, Rooks coined the term "segrenomics" to describe a form of profit derived by businesses that continue to sell what she describes as "separate, segregated, and unequal forms of education" during the modern era of privatization and deregulation of public education. [5] [9] [10]
After the spring 2021 semester at Cornell, she joined the faculty of Brown. [11]
In a review of Hair Raising: Beauty, Culture and African American Women for Signs , Paulla A. Ebron of Stanford University writes, "Rooks usefully disrupts a black/white binary in which racism necessarily constructs singular standards of beauty." [12] In a review of Jazz by Toni Morrison, Richard Pearce of Wheaton College writes in Narrative, "In Hair Raising, an exemplary study of African American beauty discourse, Rooks traces and analyzes the major shifts in advertising tactics of the African American beauty industry from the nineteenth to the early twentieth century", before describing some of her analysis in detail over several pages. [13]
In a review of Ladies Pages: African American Women's Magazines and the Culture that Made Them for African American Review , Cynthia A. Callahan of the Ohio State University at Mansfield writes, "Rooks's study performs an important service by identifying these publications and situating them in the mutually informative contexts of the postbellum Great Migration, the rise of consumer culture, and African American women's attempts to redefine the sexual stereotypes applied to them in the dominant culture." [14] In a review for The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education , Camille A. Clarke writes, "Rooks' research provides a wealth of information about the impact that early black women's magazine writers had in shaping the minds of Negro women around the turn of the century." [15] In a review for American Periodicals, Frances Smith Foster of Emory University writes, "The most useful elements of this book for print culture scholars are that it brings attention to the existence of African American women's magazines, provides brief biographies of the lives and times of some women who edited and wrote for them, and lays a broad foundation of analysis upon which others can and should build. The most exciting thing about this book is that Rooks' persistent sleuthing has discovered extant copies of periodicals long thought forever lost." [16]
In an essay review of White Money/Black Power: African American Studies and the Crises of Race in Higher Education for The Journal of African American History , Alan Colón of Dillard University concludes, "The Black Studies movement, and the tradition from which it emanated, requires documentation, analysis, and interpretation that surpasses what is found in White Money/Black Power." [17] In an essay review for The Black Scholar , Perry A. Hall concludes, "There are, as indicated, ideas within her text that could bear fruitful discussion. However, in the form they have been presented - buried and entangled in flaws in logic and structure, and gaps in perspective - they are largely unusable." [18] In The Journal of African American History, James B. Stewart of Pennsylvania State University writes, "Hall took Rooks to task appropriately for ignoring the comprehensive exploration of the origin and evolution of Black/Africana Studies contained in the volume by Dolores Aldridge and Carlene Young, Out of the Revolution: The Development of Africana Studies (2000)." [19] Publishers Weekly describes the book as "Perhaps too specialized for general readers, this volume is a must for anyone working in the field." [20]
In a review of Cutting School: Privatization, Segregation, and the End of Public Education, Kirkus Reviews writes, "Weighing in on the charged topic of public education, Rooks [...] mounts a blistering and persuasive argument against school reforms that she sees as detrimental to disadvantaged students." [21] Publishers Weekly writes that Rooks "introduces the term segrenomics, which she defines as 'the business of profiting from high levels of racial and economic segregation.'" [9] In a review for Education and Urban Society , Lauren Martin, Katie Loomis and Jemimah L. Young write, "Rooks tells the story of racism and segregation in America with a beautiful and heartbreakingly human element that captures the essence of where we stand in education today." [22] Wendy Lecker writes in the Stamford Advocate , "Rooks illustrates how officials and 'reformers' have virtually ignored successful models for education, such as: adequate funding, integration, and community-initiated reforms." [23] In a February 2018 article for The New York Times , Tayari Jones named Cutting School as the last book that had made her furious, writing, "My hair almost caught on fire when I read the chapter about single moms tossed into prison - prison - for trying to enroll their children into schools in better-resourced neighborhoods. [...] This is an important work; hopefully it will make people mad enough to act." [24]
The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising eight private research universities in the Northeastern United States. The term Ivy League is typically used beyond the sports context to refer to the eight schools as a group of elite colleges with connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism. Its members are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Princeton University, University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University.
Discrimination based on skin color, also known as colorism, or shadeism, is a form of prejudice and discrimination in which people of certain ethnic groups or people who are perceived as belonging to a darker skinned race are treated differently based on their darker skin color. Although less historically significant, prejudice can also be applied towards lighter-skinned people, which is known as reverse colorism.
Black studies, or Africana studies, is an interdisciplinary academic field that primarily focuses on the study of the history, culture, and politics of the peoples of the African diaspora and Africa. The field includes scholars of African-American, Afro-Canadian, Afro-Caribbean, Afro-Latino, Afro-European, Afro-Asian, African Australian, and African literature, history, politics, and religion as well as those from disciplines, such as sociology, anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, education, and many other disciplines within the humanities and social sciences. The field also uses various types of research methods.
Critical race theory (CRT) is a cross-disciplinary examination – by social and civil-rights scholars and activists – of how laws, social and political movements, and media shape, and are shaped by, social conceptions of race and ethnicity. The word critical in the name is an academic reference to critical thinking, critical theory, and scholarly criticism, rather than criticizing or blaming people.
Black Pride in the United States is a movement which encourages black people to celebrate African-American culture and embrace their African heritage. In the United States, it was a direct response to white racism especially during the Civil Rights Movement. Stemming from the idea of Black Power, this movement emphasizes racial pride, economic empowerment, and the creation of political and cultural institutions. Related movements include black power, black nationalism, Black Panthers and Afrocentrism.
Facilities and services such as housing, healthcare, education, employment, and transportation have been systematically separated in the United States on racial grounds. The term is mainly used in reference to the legally or socially enforced separation of African Americans from whites, but it is also used in reference to the separation of other ethnic minorities from majority and mainstream communities. While mainly referring to the physical separation and provision of separate facilities, it can also refer to other manifestations such as prohibitions against interracial marriage, and the separation of roles within an institution. Notably, in the United States Armed Forces up until 1948, black units were typically separated from white units but were still led by white officers.
Oppositional culture, also known as the "blocked opportunities framework" or the "caste theory of education", is a term most commonly used in studying the sociology of education to explain racial disparities in educational achievement, particularly between white and black Americans. However, the term refers to any subculture's rejection of conformity to prevailing norms and values, not just nonconformity within the educational system. Thus many criminal gangs and religious cults could also be considered oppositional cultures.
The history of education in the United States covers the trends in educational formal and informal learning in America from the 17th century to the early 21st century.
Africana philosophy is the work of philosophers of African descent and others whose work deals with the subject matter of the African diaspora. The name does not refer to a particular philosophy, philosophical system, method, or tradition. Rather, Africana philosophy is a third-order, metaphilosophical, umbrella-concept used to bring organizing oversight to various efforts of philosophizing. Africana philosophy is a part of and developed within the field of Africana studies.
"Africana womanism" is a term coined in the late 1980s by Clenora Hudson-Weems, intended as an ideology applicable to all women of African descent. It is grounded in African culture and Afrocentrism and focuses on the experiences, struggles, needs, and desires of Africana women of the African diaspora. It distinguishes itself from feminism, or Alice Walker's womanism. Africana womanism pays more attention to and focuses more on the realities and the injustices in society in regard to race.
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African-American hair refers to Afro-textured hair types, textures, and styles that are linked to African-American culture, often drawing inspiration from African hair culture. It plays a major role in the identity and politics of Black culture in the United States and across the diaspora. African-American hair often has a kinky hairy texture, appearing tightly coiled and packed. Black hair has a complex history, culture, and cultural impact, including its relationship with racism.
Akbar Muhammad was an associate Professor Emeritus of history and Africana studies at Binghamton University in New York. He specialized in African history, West African social history, as well as the study of Islam in Africa and the Americas. He is the co-editor of Racism, Sexism, and the World-System, along with Joan Smith, Jane Collins, and Terrence K. Hopkins. His own writings focused on slavery in Muslim Africa, Muslims in the United States, and integration in Nigeria through the use of education. He holds a notable role in the history of the Nation of Islam.
Tricia Rose is an American sociologist and author who pioneered scholarship on hip hop. Her studies mainly probe the intersectionality of pop music and gender. Now at Brown University, she is a professor of Africana Studies and is the director of the Center for Study of Race and Ethnicity in America. Rose also co-hosts a podcast, The Tight Rope, with Cornel West.
Racial inequality in the United States identifies the social inequality and advantages and disparities that affect different races within the United States. These can also be seen as a result of historic oppression, inequality of inheritance, or racism and prejudice, especially against minority groups.
More than half of all students in the United States attend school districts with high concentrations of people of their own ethnicity and about 40% of black students attend schools where 90%-100% of students are non-white.
In the United States, school integration is the process of ending race-based segregation within American public and private schools. Racial segregation in schools existed throughout most of American history and remains an issue in contemporary education. During the Civil Rights Movement school integration became a priority, but since then de facto segregation has again become prevalent.
In the US, Black-owned businesses, also known as African-American businesses, originated in the days of slavery before 1865. Emancipation and civil rights permitted businessmen to operate inside the American legal structure starting in the Reconstruction Era (1863–77) and afterwards. By the 1890s, thousands of small business operations had opened in urban areas. The most rapid growth came in the early 20th century, as the increasingly rigid Jim Crow system of segregation moved urban Blacks into a community large enough to support a business establishment. The National Negro Business League—which Booker T. Washington, college president, promoted—opened over 600 chapters. It reached every city with a significant Black population.
Our Women and Children was a magazine published in Louisville, Kentucky by the American Baptist, the state Baptist newspaper. Founded in 1888 by William J. Simmons, president of State University, the magazine featured the work of African-American women journalists and covered both juvenile literature and articles focusing on uplifting the race. The magazine staff was made up of women who had an affiliation with State University. Of the hundreds of magazines begun in the United States between 1890 and 1950, very few gave editorial control or ownership to African American Women. Our Women and Children was one of them. It had a national reputation and became the leading black magazine in Kentucky before it folded in 1891 after Simmons' death.
Stephanie Y. Evans is a full professor and former director of the Institute for Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Georgia State University. Until 2019, she served as the Chair of Clark Atlanta University's African American Studies, Africana Women's Studies, and History (AWH) Department.