The enzyme ornithine decarboxylase catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine. This reaction is the committed step in polyamine synthesis. In humans, this protein has 461 amino acids and forms a homodimer.
Antizyme RNA frameshifting stimulation element is a structural element which is found in antizyme mRNA and is known to promote frameshifting. Antizyme genes have two partially overlapping open reading frames, the second, which encodes the functional (antizyme) protein requires +1 translational frameshifting. This frameshift is stimulated by a pseudoknot present 3' of the frameshift site in the antizyme mRNA. The frameshifting efficiency is dependent on the concentration of polyamines in the cell, when the polyamine concentration is high frameshifting is more likely to occur which leads to an increase in the quantity of functional antizyme produced. The functional antizyme acts to reduce ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity which leads to a drop in polyamines present in the cell. Therefore, this family can be thought of as a biosensor for intracellular free polyamines that functions via a negative feedback loop.
In molecular biology, Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme (ODC-AZ) is an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor. It binds to, and destabilises, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in polyamine synthesis. ODC is then rapidly degraded. It was first characterized in 1981. The expression of ODC-AZ requires programmed, ribosomal frameshifting which is modulated according to the cellular concentration of polyamines. High levels of polyamines induce a +1 ribosomal frameshift in the translation of mRNA for the antizyme leading to the expression of a full-length protein. At least two forms of ODC-AZ exist in mammals and the protein has been found in Drosophila as well as in Saccharomyces yeast.
Ornithine decarboxylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ODC1 gene.
Ribosomal frameshifting, also known as translational frameshifting or translational recoding, is a biological phenomenon that occurs during translation that results in the production of multiple, unique proteins from a single mRNA. The process can be programmed by the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA and is sometimes affected by the secondary, 3-dimensional mRNA structure. It has been described mainly in viruses, retrotransposons and bacterial insertion elements, and also in some cellular genes.
Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the OAZ1 gene.
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDKN3 gene.
Zinc finger protein 281 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF281 gene.
40S ribosomal protein S14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS14 gene.
60S ribosomal protein L23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL23 gene.
Cathepsin W is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSW gene.
Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBA7 gene.
RCAN2 is a gene that in humans encodes for the protein Calcipressin-2.
Antizyme inhibitor 2 (AzI2) also erroneously known as arginine decarboxylase (ADC) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AZIN2 gene. In contrast to initial suggestions, Antizyme inhibitor 2 does not act as arginine decarboxylase (ADC) in mammalian cells
Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HEYL gene.
GSK-3-binding protein FRAT2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FRAT2 gene.
Antizyme inhibitor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AZIN1 gene.
Nucleolar protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOL4 gene.
Peroxisomal N(1)-acetyl-spermine/spermidine oxidase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAOX gene.
WAP, kazal, immunoglobulin, kunitz and NTR domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that is encoded by the WFIKKN1 gene. when found in humans.
