Olives and olive trees in Israel and Judaism

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The olive tree and its oil were a major component in the Ancient Israelite society, and have been important to the Jewish people for millennia. [1] [2] Olives are often mentioned in Jewish religious texts and are generally seen as a symbol of peace, [3] [4] wisdom, [5] and vitality. [6] It had a key role in the agricultural life, industry and religious practices of ancient Israel and Judah.

Contents

History

Prehistory

The olive tree is endemic to Israel and the greater Mediterranean Basin. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] The cultivation of olive trees has been important to the agricultural life in the Land of Israel since the Neolithic period. [12] [13] [14] The world's oldest oil press, dating to the Chalcolithic period, was discovered in an underwater excavation near Haifa. [15] [16] [17] Pottery containing olive pits, remnants of olives and olive presses discovered on archaeological sites provide evidence of early olive oil production. [18] [19] [20] [21]

Ancient times

In the age of The Kingdom of Israel and Judah, industrial villages dedicated to oil production, likely under royal patronage, were established. [22] [23] [24] These villages housed dozens of presses, exemplified by discoveries at sites such as Khirbet Khadash. [25] [26] During the 8th century BCE, the olive oil industry experienced a boom in mass production across the two Israelite Kingdoms. [27] [28] [29] Even after the Assyrian conquest of the northern Kingdom, the production of Olive oil continued in Kingdom of Judah. [30] It was then shipped to other vassal states of the Assyrian Empire. [31] Olives in general were used as a source of food, light, hygiene and healing. [32] [33] Israelite and later Judean populations mostly planted the trees in the Galilee, Judea and Samaria. [34] [35] [36] [37]

Under foreign rule

Olives remained a key product for Jews in Israel, despite the land changing control under various powers. [38] [39] [40] [41]

Early modern history

Following the First Aliyah, Jewish olim began planting a number of plants, including Olive trees. [42] [43] [44] [45] Olive oil was sold in markets and exported [46] [47] Olive oil was the most common oil used by the Jewish community. With the foundation of a modern industrial oil factory that produced distilled oils from various grains, such as soy, sunflower, and corn, olive oil experienced a decline. [48]

Revival

Over the 20th century, the Jewish population established numerous olive plantations. The Kibbutz movements played a significant role in fostering the cultivation of olives. [49] [50] [51]

At the turn of the 3rd Millennium, Israel saw an increase in olive oil consumption. Israel's Ministry of Agriculture promotes and supports the production of olives for olive oil pressing and local usage. [52] [53] [54] Today, Israel is one of few countries known for producing the highest quality of olive oil. [55] [56] [57] [58] [59]

Ancient jewish olive production sites

In Judaism, Jewish tradition and culture

The olive (left) is one the Seven Species listed in Deuteronomy 8:8. SHb`t hmynym.jpg
The olive (left) is one the Seven Species listed in Deuteronomy 8:8.

The olive tree is one of the most important trees in Judaism and Jewish culture. [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] They symbolize Jewish connection to their historic homeland. [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] Olives are a part of the Seven Species. [96] [97] They were part of the diet of the Ancient Israelites, and are still used in modern Israeli and Jewish cuisines. [98]

In modern Israel

The olive tree is the national tree of the state of Israel. [114] [115] [116] [117] Its branches are depicted on the Emblem of the State of Israel and the insignia of the Israel Defence Forces (Incl. The Military Rabbinate). [118]

In Israel, olives are an economically important fruit. [119] [120] Within Israel's olive plantations, some olive trees have stood for centuries. The trees can be found in various regions, from the elevated mountain areas to the coastal plains. The landscape contains ~340,000 dunams (84,000 acres) of olive plantations. [121] These expansive groves are home to a variety of olive types. Among them are the: Zuri, Barnea, Manzanillo, Picual, Muhasan, Nabali, Souri, Kalamata, Picholine,Maalot and Coratina. [122] [123]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ Halfin, Jessica (22 November 2017). "Rediscovering Israel's ancient olive industry". ISRAEL21c. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  3. ↑ "Quotes from the Jewish Bible about Peace". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  4. ↑ Tzvi (18 December 2016). "17 Amazing Facts about Olives". Aish.com. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  5. ↑ "The Seven Species". Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  6. ↑ "The Symbolism of the Olive Tree in the Jewish Faith - Sponsor an Olive Tree in Israel". 2 March 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  7. ↑ Wiesman, Zeev (24 June 2009). Desert Olive Oil Cultivation: Advanced Bio Technologies. Academic Press. ISBN   978-0-08-092142-6.
  8. ↑ Garfinkel, Eli L. (June 2021). The JPS Jewish Heritage Torah Commentary. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN   978-0-8276-1267-9.
  9. ↑ "Olive oil traces dating back 8,000 years found in Israel". The Times of Israel.
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  11. ↑ Kaniewski, David; Marriner, Nick; Morhange, Christophe; Khater, Carla; Terral, Jean-Frédéric; Besnard, Guillaume; Otto, Thierry; Luce, Frédéric; Couillebault, Quentin; Tsitsou, Labrini; Pourkerman, Majid; Cheddadi, Rachid (2023). "Climate change threatens olive oil production in the Levant". Nature Plants. 9 (2): 219–227. doi:10.1038/s41477-022-01339-z. ISSN   2055-0278. PMID   36702932.
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