Olives and olive trees in Israel and Judaism

Last updated

The olive tree and its oil were a major component in the Ancient Israelite society, and have been important to the Jewish people for millennia. [1] [2] Olives are often mentioned in Jewish religious texts and are generally seen as a symbol of peace, [3] [4] wisdom, [5] and vitality. [6] It had a key role in the agricultural life, industry and religious practices of ancient Israel and Judah.

Contents

History

Prehistory

The olive tree is endemic to Israel and the greater Mediterranean Basin. [7] [8] [9] [10] The cultivation of olive trees has been important to the agricultural life in the Land of Israel since the Neolithic period. [11] [12] [13] The world's oldest oil press, dating to the Chalcolithic period, was discovered in an underwater excavation near Haifa. [14] [15] [16] Pottery containing olive pits, remnants of olives and olive presses discovered on archaeological sites provide evidence of early olive oil production. [17] [18] [19] [20]

Ancient times

The Canaanites taught the rising Israelite culture how to cultivate olive. [21] In the age of The Kingdom of Israel and Judah, industrial villages dedicated to oil production, likely under royal patronage, were established. [22] [23] [24] These villages housed dozens of presses, exemplified by discoveries at sites such as Khirbet Khadash. [25] [26] During the ~8th-7th centuries BCE, the olive oil industry experienced a boom in mass production across the two Israelite Kingdoms. [27] [28] [29] Even after the Assyrian conquest of the northern Kingdom, the production of Olive oil continued in Kingdom of Judah. [30] It was then shipped to other vassal states of the Assyrian Empire. [31] Olives in general were used as a source of food, light, hygiene and healing. [32] [33] Israelite and later Judean populations mostly planted the trees in the Galilee, Judea and Samaria. [34] [35] [36]

Classical and Roman Era

Olives remained a key product for Jews in Israel, despite the land changing control under various powers. Under Roman governance, Jews remained strong in their connection with olives. [37] [38] [39] [40]

Early modern history and decline

By the 19th Century, the tradition of olive was kept by the symbiosis of Arab farmers and oil press and Jewish households procuring from them olive products and maintaining the cultural use of olive oil. Under the British Mandate, olive oil itself experienced a gradual decline and almost disappearing from Jewish kitchen. [41]

Following the First Aliyah, new Jewish immigrants organized by the Jewish National Fund planted more than 240 million trees; the majority of which were pines, suitable for Mediterranean climate, [42] but also Olives and Figs. [43] [44] [45] Since 1948, Israel witnessed a drop in olive trees coverage: from 137,000 dunams in 1949; down to 123,000 dunams in 1960; and then to 107,000 dunams in 1968, of which 82,000 dunams were olives planted on non-Jewish farms. [46]

Revival

Over the 20th century, the Jewish population inherited olive groves that were conquered from Arabs during the civil war and the first Arab-Israeli war, while also establishing new olive plantations. The Kibbutz movements played a significant role in fostering the cultivation of olives. [47] [48] [49]

At the turn of the 3rd Millennium, Israel saw an increase in olive oil consumption due to its health benefit; and Israel's Ministry of Agriculture promoted and supported the production of olive for olive oil pressing [50] The public perception of olive greatly improved. [51] Today, Israel only produces the highest quality of olive oil. [52]

Ancient jewish olive production sites

In Judaism, Jewish tradition and culture

The olive (left) is one the Seven Species listed in Deuteronomy 8:8. SHb`t hmynym.jpg
The olive (left) is one the Seven Species listed in Deuteronomy 8:8.

The olive tree is one of the most important trees in Judaism and Jewish culture. [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] They symbolize Jewish connection to their historic homeland. [84] [85] [86] [87] Olives are a part of the Seven Species. [88] [89] They were part of the diet of the Ancient Israelites, and are still used in modern Israeli and Jewish cuisines. [90]

In modern Israel

In 2021, The Jewish National Fund conducted a poll and with a 33% majority from the Israeli people, the olive tree was chosen as the new national tree of Israel. [105] [106] [107] Its branches are depicted on the Emblem of the State of Israel and the insignia of the Israel Defence Forces (Incl. The Military Rabbinate). [108]

In Israel, olives are an economically important fruit. [109] [110] Within Israel’s olive plantations, some olive trees have stood for centuries. The trees can be found in various regions, from the elevated mountain areas to the coastal plains. The landscape contains ~340,000 dunams (84,000 acres) of olive plantations. [111] These expansive groves are home to a variety of olive types. Among them are the: Zuri, Barnea, Manzanillo, Picual, Muhasan, Nabali, Souri, Kalamata, Picholine,Maalot and Coratina. [112] [113]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hanukkah</span> Jewish holiday

Hanukkah is a Jewish festival commemorating the recovery of Jerusalem and subsequent rededication of the Second Temple at the beginning of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BCE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of ancient Israel and Judah</span>

The history of ancient Israel and Judah spans from the early appearance of the Israelites in Canaan's hill country during the late second millennium BCE, to the establishment and subsequent downfall of the two Israelite kingdoms in the mid-first millennium BCE. This history unfolds within the Southern Levant during the Iron Age. The earliest documented mention of "Israel" as a people appears on the Merneptah Stele, an ancient Egyptian inscription dating back to around 1208 BCE. Archaeological evidence suggests that ancient Israelite culture evolved from the pre-existing Canaanite civilization. During the Iron Age II period, two Israelite kingdoms emerged, covering much of Canaan: the Kingdom of Israel in the north and the Kingdom of Judah in the south.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Judah</span> Israelite kingdom in the Southern Levant

The Kingdom of Judah was an Israelite kingdom of the Southern Levant during the Iron Age. Centered in the highlands to the west of the Dead Sea, the kingdom's capital was Jerusalem. It was ruled by the Davidic line for four centuries. Jews are named after Judah, and primarily descend from people who lived in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Temple menorah</span> Ancient Hebrew lampstand

The menorah is a seven-branched candelabrum that is described in the Hebrew Bible and in later ancient sources as having been used in the Tabernacle and in the Temple in Jerusalem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sukkot</span> Jewish Holiday, Harvest Festival, Festival of Booths

Sukkot, also known as the Feast of Tabernacles or Feast of Booths, is a Torah-commanded holiday celebrated for seven days, beginning on the 15th day of the month of Tishrei. It is one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals on which Israelites were commanded to make a pilgrimage to the Temple in Jerusalem. Biblically an autumn harvest festival and a commemoration of the Exodus from Egypt, Sukkot’s modern observance is characterized by festive meals in a sukkah, a temporary wood-covered hut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yahweh</span> Ancient Levantine deity

Yahweh was an ancient Levantine deity, the national god of the Israelite kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Though no consensus exists regarding the deity's origins, scholars generally contend that Yahweh is associated with Seir, Edom, Paran and Teman, and later with Canaan. The origins of his worship reach at least to the early Iron Age, and likely to the Late Bronze Age, if not somewhat earlier. Although the religion of Israelites was polytheistic prior to the Babylonian captivity, the deity of Yahweh later evolved into the concepts of God in Judaism and Samaritanism, which are strictly monotheistic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Israelites</span> Iron Age Hebrew tribal people in Canaan

The Israelites were a Hebrew-speaking ethnoreligious group consisting of tribes that inhabited much of Canaan during the Iron Age.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Babylonian captivity</span> Period in Jewish history during the 6th century BCE

The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile was the period in Jewish history during which a large number of Judeans from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were forcibly relocated to Babylonia by the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The deportations occurred in multiple waves: After the siege of Jerusalem in 597 BCE, around 7,000 individuals were deported to Mesopotamia. Further deportations followed the destruction of Jerusalem and Solomon's Temple in 587 BCE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tribe of Judah</span> One of the 12 Tribes of Israel

According to the Hebrew Bible, the tribe of Judah was one of the twelve Tribes of Israel, named after Judah, the son of Jacob. Judah was the first tribe to take its place in the Land of Israel, occupying its Southern part. Jesse and his sons, including King David, belonged to this tribe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maccabees</span> Group of Jewish rebels in the Seleucid Empire

The Maccabees, also spelled Machabees, were a group of Jewish rebel warriors who took control of Judea, which at the time was part of the Seleucid Empire. Its leaders, the Hasmoneans, founded the Hasmonean dynasty, which ruled from 167 BCE to 37 BCE, being a fully independent kingdom from 104 to 63 BCE. They reasserted the Jewish religion, expanded the boundaries of Judea by conquest, and reduced the influence of Hellenism and Hellenistic Judaism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jewish history</span>

Jewish history is the history of the Jews, their nation, religion, and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions, and cultures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jewish symbolism</span> Concepts in Judaism and the Jewish people

The Hebrew word for 'symbol' is ot, which, in early Judaism, denoted not only a sign, but also a visible religious token of the relation between God and human.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Davidic line</span> Lineage of the Israelite king David

The Davidic line refers to the descendants of David, who established the House of David in the Kingdom of Israel and Judah. In Judaism, it is based on texts from the Hebrew Bible, as well as on later Jewish traditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yodfat</span> Place in Northern, Israel

Yodfat, is a moshav shitufi in northern Israel. Located in the Lower Galilee, south of Carmiel and in the vicinity of the Atzmon mountain ridge, north of the Beit Netofa Valley, it falls under the jurisdiction of Misgav Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 964.

The history of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel begins in the 2nd millennium BCE, when Israelites emerged as an outgrowth of southern Canaanites. During biblical times, a postulated United Kingdom of Israel existed but then split into two Israelite kingdoms occupying the highland zone: the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) in the north, and the Kingdom of Judah in the south. The Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and the Kingdom of Judah by the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Initially exiled to Babylon, upon the defeat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire by the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great, many of the Jewish exiles returned to Jerusalem, building the Second Temple.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mukhmas</span> Municipality type D in Jerusalem, State of Palestine

Mukhmas is a Palestinian village in the Jerusalem Governorate, located northeast of Jerusalem, in the center of the West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 1,363 in 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Origins of Judaism</span> Overview of the early history of Judaism

The most widespread belief among archeological and historical scholars is that the origins of Judaism lie in Bronze Age polytheistic Canaanite religion. Judaism also syncretized elements of other Semitic religions such as Babylonian religion, which is reflected in the early prophetic books of the Tanakh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jews</span> Ethnoreligious group and nation

The Jews or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the historical kingdoms of Israel and Judah, and whose traditional religion is Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly interrelated, as Judaism is an ethnic religion, but not all ethnic Jews practice Judaism. Despite this, religious Jews regard individuals who have formally converted to Judaism as Jews.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jewish heraldry</span>

Jewish heraldry is the tradition and style of heraldic achievements amongst Jewish communities throughout Europe and abroad. Included are the national and civic arms of the State of Israel, noble and burgher arms, synagogal heraldry, heraldic displays and heraldic descriptions. Jewish Heraldry is commonly influenced by its country of origin, yet often preserves common Jewish symbolisms such as the Lion of Judah or the Star of David.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tribe of Asher</span> One of the twelve Tribes of Israel

According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tribe of Asher was one of the Tribes of Israel descended from Asher, the eighth son of Jacob. It is one of the ten lost tribes.

References

  1. ↑ Mandel, Scott (2000). Wired Into Judaism: The Internet and Jewish Education. Behrman House, Inc. ISBN   978-0-86705-049-3.
  2. ↑ Halfin, Jessica (2017-11-22). "Rediscovering Israel's ancient olive industry". ISRAEL21c. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  3. ↑ "Quotes from the Jewish Bible about Peace". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  4. ↑ Tzvi (2016-12-18). "17 Amazing Facts about Olives". Aish.com. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  5. ↑ "The Seven Species". Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  6. ↑ "The Symbolism of the Olive Tree in the Jewish Faith - Sponsor an Olive Tree in Israel". 2018-03-02. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  7. ↑ Wiesman, Zeev (2009-06-24). Desert Olive Oil Cultivation: Advanced Bio Technologies. Academic Press. ISBN   978-0-08-092142-6.
  8. ↑ Garfinkel, Eli L. (June 2021). The JPS Jewish Heritage Torah Commentary. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN   978-0-8276-1267-9.
  9. ↑ "Olive oil traces dating back 8,000 years found in Israel". The Times of Israel.
  10. ↑ "Olive | University of Redlands". Sites. Retrieved 2024-07-14.
  11. ↑ "Israeli researchers discover olive trees were domesticated 7,000 years ago". I24news. 2022-06-16. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  12. ↑ "Study: World's first cultivated fruit trees planted 7000 years ago in jordan valley". The Times of Israel.
  13. ↑ "Israeli study shows olive trees were domesticated in Jordan Valley 7,000 years ago". The Jerusalem Post. 2022-06-16. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  14. ↑ Choufan, Matan (2022-01-03). "A Brief History of Olives and Olive Oil in Israel". Asif. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  15. ↑ "Olive Oil from Israel". Sacco Imports. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  16. ↑ Angus, Julia (2014). Olive Odyssey: Searching for the Secrets of the Fruit That Seduced the World. Greystone Books Ltd. ISBN   978-1-55365-514-5.
  17. ↑ Rubin, Deborah (2021-01-15). "Olive trees have long history in israel". www.jewishindependent. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  18. ↑ Brown, William. "Ancient Israelite Technology". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  19. ↑ "Evidence of olive consumption 6600 years ago found off coast of haifa". The Times of Israel.
  20. ↑ Eitam, David (1987-01-01). "OLIVE-OIL PRODUCTION IN ISRAEL DURING THE BIBLICAL PERIOD". E Olive Oil in Antiquity, Israel and Neighboring Countries, from the Neolithic to the Early Arab Period, Conference University of Haifa, Israel Oil Industry Museum, Dagon Museum.
  21. ↑ Singer, Isidore (1912). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. Funk and Wagnalls Company. p. 394. ISBN   0366645595.
  22. ↑ "Stone Tools in the Ancient Near East and Egypt" (PDF). Archaeopress.
  23. ↑ Roberts, Peter (2006). HSC Ancient History. Pascal Press. ISBN   978-1-74125-178-4.
  24. ↑ "Hudas Beit Aryeh a Royal Olive Oil Production Center in the Kingdom of Israel". www.researchgate.net.
  25. ↑ Jaruzelska, Izabela (1998). Amos and the Officialdom in the Kingdom of Israel: The Socio-economic Position of the Officials in the Light of the Biblical, the Epigraphic and Archaeological Evidence. Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. ISBN   978-83-232-0910-2.
  26. ↑ Squitieri, Andrea; Eitam, David (2019-01-31). Stone Tools in the Ancient Near East and Egypt: Ground stone tools, rock-cut installations and stone vessels from Prehistory to Late Antiquity. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. ISBN   978-1-78969-061-3.
  27. ↑ Maeir, Aren M.; Welch, Eric L.; Eniukhina, Maria (2021-04-03). "A Note on Olive Oil Production in Iron Age Philistia: Pressing the consensus". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 153 (2): 129–144. doi:10.1080/00310328.2020.1852795. ISSN   0031-0328.
  28. ↑ Lipschits, Oded; Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2003). Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period. Eisenbrauns. ISBN   978-1-57506-073-6.
  29. ↑ Eitam, David (2002), Institut de recherche et d'histoire des textes; Centre de recherche sur les collections; Équipe Étude des pigments, histoire et archéologie (eds.), "Textile and olive oil production in ancient Israel during the Iron Age period", Pigments et colorants de l’Antiquité et du Moyen Âge : Teinture, peinture, enluminure, études historiques et physico-chimiques, Colloques Internationaux du CNRS, Paris: CNRS Éditions, pp. 283–290, ISBN   978-2-271-09089-8 , retrieved 2024-07-10
  30. ↑ "Even after Assyria won, Judeans produced olive oil in biblical Shephelah". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2021-08-21. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  31. ↑ Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2007-04-03). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. Simon and Schuster. ISBN   978-1-4165-5688-6.
  32. ↑ "Israeli olive oil from Biblical times to today". HoliveOil. 2024-05-28. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  33. ↑ "Household food storage in Ancient Israel and Judah" (PDF). Archaeopress.
  34. ↑ Eitam, David. "Olive Culture in Ancient Israel". www.gemsinisrael.com. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  35. ↑ Eitam, David (January 1996). "Olive Oil in Antiquity Israel and Neighboring Countries from the Neolthic to the Early Arab Period" – via www.researchgate.net.
  36. ↑ Barstad, Hans M. (2008). History and the Hebrew Bible: Studies in Ancient Israelite and Ancient Near Eastern Historiography. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN   978-3-16-149809-1.
  37. ↑ Goodman, Martin (2007). Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays. BRILL. ISBN   978-90-04-15309-7.
  38. ↑ Dubnow, Simon (1967). History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the early medieval period. Associated University Presse.
  39. ↑ Gilbert, Martin (2014-06-05). The Story of the Jewish People: Letters to Auntie Fori. Rosetta Books. ISBN   978-0-7953-3735-2.
  40. ↑ "Olives and Olive Oil in Ancient Rome | UNRV Roman History". www.unrv.com. Retrieved 2024-10-31.
  41. ↑ Holland, Shmil (9 December 2021). The Jewish Kitchen of Jerusalem in Modern History (Report). Asif: Culinary Institute of Israel.
  42. ↑ "Jerusalem (Aleppo) Pine - Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael - KKL-JNF". https. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  43. ↑ "Fig - Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael - KKL-JNF". https. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  44. ↑ Bardenstein, Carol B (1999). "Trees, Forests, and the Shaping of Palestinian and Collective Memory". Acts of Memory: Cultural Recall in the Present. University Press of New England. Hanover, New Hampshire: 148-168. ISBN   978-0-87451-889-4.
  45. ↑ Braverman, Irus (November 2009). "Uprooting Identities: The Regulation of Olive Trees in the Occupied West Bank". Political and Legal Anthropology Review. 32 (2): 237–264. JSTOR   24497464.
  46. ↑ "Olive". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  47. ↑ Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua (2020-03-09), "Chapter 5. The period of the First Aliyah, 1882–1904", The Making of Eretz Israel in the Modern Era, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, pp. 213–268, doi:10.1515/9783110626407-005, ISBN   978-3-11-062640-7 , retrieved 2024-07-21
  48. ↑ Orr, Akivah (14 May 1976). The Day of The Land (Report). The Middle East Research and Action Group, reprinted from Peace News, London.
  49. ↑ "Olive". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
  50. ↑ "Olive". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  51. ↑ "Olive oil: the miracle ingredient". www.thejc.com. Retrieved 2024-10-31.
  52. ↑ Cindy (2021-12-14). "Olive Oil | Center of Israeli Culture". Signature Touch Tours, Inc. Retrieved 2024-10-31.
  53. ↑ Barton, John (2019-04-25). The Biblical World. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-27219-8.
  54. ↑ Matthews, Victor H.; Moyer, James C. (2012-03-01). The Old Testament: Text and Context. Baker Books. ISBN   978-1-4412-3626-5.
  55. ↑ Faust, Avraham (2012-05-25). The Archaeology of Israelite Society in Iron Age II. Penn State Press. ISBN   978-1-57506-673-8.
  56. ↑ Curtis (2021-11-15). Ancient Food Technology. BRILL. ISBN   978-90-04-47503-8.
  57. ↑ Spigel, Chad S. (2012). Ancient Synagogue Seating Capacities: Methodology, Analysis and Limits. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN   978-3-16-151879-9.
  58. ↑ King, Philip J. (1993-04-15). Jeremiah: An Archaeological Companion. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN   978-0-664-22443-1.
  59. ↑ Nicholson, Paul T.; Shaw, Ian (2000-03-23). Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-45257-1.
  60. ↑ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (March 2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford. ISBN   978-0-19-954906-1.
  61. ↑ Bloch, Nava (1989). Israel on a Budget. Israel Tourist Guides Publication. ISBN   978-965-222-163-6.
  62. ↑ Bailey, Geoff; Galanidou, Nena; Peeters, Hans; Jöns, Hauke; Mennenga, Moritz (2020-04-09). The Archaeology of Europe's Drowned Landscapes. Springer Nature. ISBN   978-3-030-37367-2.
  63. ↑ "David Eitam - Academia.edu". independent.academia.edu. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  64. ↑ Heltzer, Michael; Eitam, David (1987). Olive Oil in Antiquity: Israel and Neighboring Countries from Neolith to Early Arab Period : Conference 1987, Haifa. University of Haifa.
  65. ↑ Levy, Thomas (1995-01-01). Arch Of Society. A&C Black. ISBN   978-0-7185-1388-7.
  66. ↑ Barstad, Hans M. (2008). History and the Hebrew Bible: Studies in Ancient Israelite and Ancient Near Eastern Historiography. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN   978-3-16-149809-1.
  67. ↑ "Ancient olive oil press unearthed in modi'in". TIMES OF ISRAEL.
  68. ↑ LIGHTFOOT (D.D.), John (1859). Horæ Hebraicæ et Talmudicæ: Hebrew and Talmudical exercitations upon the Gospels, the Acts, some Chapters of St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, and the First Epistle to the Corinthians. A new edition by the Rev. R. Gandell.
  69. ↑ Urman, Dan; Flesher, Paul Virgil McCracken (1998-01-01). Ancient Synagogues: Historical Analysis and Archaeological Discovery. BRILL. ISBN   978-90-04-11254-4.
  70. ↑ Schloen, J. David (2018-07-17). The House of the Father As Fact and Symbol: Patrimonialism in Ugarit and the Ancient Near East. BRILL. ISBN   978-90-04-36984-9.
  71. ↑ Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Colloquium, International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism (2007-10-24). The Quest for the Historical Israel: Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel. Society of Biblical Lit. ISBN   978-1-58983-277-0.
  72. ↑ Faust, Avraham. "Faust, A., 2011, The Interests of the Assyrian Empire in the West: Olive Oil Production as a Test-Case, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 54: 62-86". Academia.edu.
  73. ↑ Lewensohn, Avraham (1979). Israel Tourguide. Tourguide Limited.
  74. ↑ Altmann, Peter (2011-07-28). Festive Meals in Ancient Israel: Deuteronomy's Identity Politics in Their Ancient Near Eastern Context. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN   978-3-11-025537-9.
  75. ↑ Bunimovitz, Shlomo; Lederman, Tzvi (2016-05-09). Tel Beth-Shemesh: A Border Community in Judah: Renewed Excavations 1990–2000: The Iron Age. Penn State Press. ISBN   978-1-57506-453-6.
  76. ↑ Boda, Mark J.; Rom-Shiloni, Dalit (2024-01-25). Crossing Borders between the Domestic and the Wild: Space, Fauna, and Flora. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-0-567-69636-6.
  77. ↑ "The oldest olive press ever found". HoliveOil. 2024-05-28. Retrieved 2024-07-20.
  78. ↑ Laughlin, John (2007-05-07). Fifty Major Cities of the Bible. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-59532-7.
  79. ↑ "10 Historic Trees in the Torah". Chabad.org.
  80. ↑ Wilson, Marvin R. (1989). Our Father Abraham: Jewish Roots of the Christian Faith. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN   978-0-8028-0423-5.
  81. ↑ "Olive Tree | My Tree in Israel". www.mytree.org.il. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  82. ↑ Antica, Cagliari (30 September 2015). "The olive tree symbol of Judaism". THE MENORAH NEWS. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  83. ↑ The Guardian. H. Harbaugh. 1878.
  84. ↑ "Olive Tree". My Tree in Israel. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  85. ↑ Dodson, Bob (2010-06-04). "The Olive Tree: Our Jewish Roots". Acts 242 Study. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  86. ↑ New Outlook. Hashkafah Hadashah. 1959.
  87. ↑ Wine, Sherwin T. (1988). Celebration: A Ceremonial and Philosophic Guide for Humanists and Humanistic Jews. Prometheus Books. ISBN   978-0-87975-495-2.
  88. ↑ Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2010-01-01). Jewish Traditions: A JPS Guide. Jewish Publication Society. ISBN   978-0-8276-1039-2.
  89. ↑ Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2011-12-01). Dictionary of Jewish Terms: A Guide to the Language of Judaism. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN   978-1-58979-729-1.
  90. ↑ "The Seven Species". Bridges for Peace. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  91. ↑ "The Olive Oil Paradigm: Tetzaveh - Bet Alef Meditative Synagogue". www.betalef.org. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  92. ↑ "Tu B'Shevat". www.mandelljcc.org. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  93. ↑ JosephineA (2023-02-02). "The olive tree in holidays and festivals". Israel Report. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  94. ↑ "Tu Bishvat: The Trees of Israel". Immanuel-tours.com. 25 January 2024.
  95. ↑ Goor, Asaph (1965). "The History of the Fig in the Holy Land from Ancient Times to the Present Day". Economic Botany. 19 (2): 124–135. doi:10.1007/BF02862824. ISSN   0013-0001. JSTOR   4252586.
  96. ↑ Bank, Richard D. (2011-12-15). The Everything Jewish History and Heritage Book: From Abraham to Zionism, all you need to understand the key events, people, and places. Simon and Schuster. ISBN   978-1-60550-528-2.
  97. ↑ "Olives -- the fruit of light and metaphor". Jewcology. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  98. ↑ "Hanukkah: A Celebration of New Oil". www.aboutoliveoil.org. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  99. ↑ "Olives | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
  100. ↑ "Israeli Symbols". www.hebrewlessonsonline.com. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  101. ↑ Shurpin, Yehuda. "Why Is the Olive Branch a Symbol of Peace". www.chabad.org.
  102. ↑ Reich, Rabbi Naftali (2020-10-21). "The Sign of the Olive". Torah.org. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  103. ↑ Strongin, Ronni (2019-04-01). "Israel and the Olive Tree". A4BGU. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  104. ↑ Hill, William (Winkie) Pratney, Tamara S. Winslow, Steve (2010-08-12). The Revival Study Bible. Armour Publishing Pte Ltd. ISBN   978-981-4270-11-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  105. ↑ "Olive voted as national tree to mark Tu Bishvat". Times of Israel. 28 January 2021.
  106. ↑ "The National Tree of Israel". Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  107. ↑ Kopka, Deborah (2011-09-01). Welcome to Israel: Passport to the Middle East. Milliken Publishing Company. ISBN   978-0-7877-2781-9.
  108. ↑ Weinberg, Josh (2023-06-08). "The Menorah and the Olive Branch". ARZA. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  109. ↑ "Israel's olive oil industry". www.touristisrael.com.
  110. ↑ Eldan, Yitzhak (2021-01-07). "The Olive Tree Road of Israel: Israel's secret UNESCO treasure". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  111. ↑ "Olive voted as national tree to mark tu bishvat". The Times of Israel.
  112. ↑ "Olive". Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  113. ↑ "Artolio presents olive tree varieties israel". enicbcmed.eu.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.