PPM1A

PPM1A
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1A6Q, 3FXJ, 3FXK, 3FXL, 3FXM, 3FXO, 4RA2, 4RAF, 4RAG Contents Interactions ; References ; Further reading ;
Identifiers
Aliases	PPM1A , PP2C-ALPHA, PP2CA, PP2Calpha, protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1A
External IDs	OMIM: 606108 MGI: 99878 HomoloGene: 56428 GeneCards: PPM1A
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 14 (human)
End	60,299,087 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 12 (mouse)
End	72,799,819 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	sperm; ; oocyte; ; biceps brachii; ; secondary oocyte; ; jejunal mucosa; ; amniotic fluid; ; parotid gland; ; deltoid muscle; ; gastrocnemius muscle; ; right ventricle;
	Top expressed in
	morula; ; substantia nigra; ; otic placode; ; spermatid; ; triceps brachii muscle; ; digastric muscle; ; superior frontal gyrus; ; saccule; ; sternocleidomastoid muscle; ; temporal muscle;
	More reference expression data
	; ;
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	R-SMAD binding ; phosphoprotein phosphatase activity ; manganese ion binding ; protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity ; calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity ; signal transducer activity ; metal ion binding ; catalytic activity ; protein binding ; cation binding ; hydrolase activity ; magnesium ion binding ;
Cellular component	cytoplasm ; membrane ; nucleoplasm ; nucleus ; cytosol ; plasma membrane ;
Biological process	cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus ; peptidyl-threonine dephosphorylation ; negative regulation of SMAD protein complex assembly ; protein dephosphorylation ; negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway ; Wnt signaling pathway ; negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II ; negative regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling ; negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway ; positive regulation of protein export from nucleus ; positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway ; positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated ; N-terminal protein myristoylation ; positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling ; dephosphorylation ;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	5494
	19042
	ENSG00000100614
	ENSMUSG00000021096
	P35813
	P49443
	NM_021003 ; NM_177951 ; NM_177952
	NM_008910
	NP_066283 ; NP_808820 ; NP_808821
	NP_032936
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Last updated August 19, 2023

Protein phosphatase 1A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPM1A gene.^[5]^[6]

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the PP2C family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases. PP2C family members are known to be negative regulators of cell stress response pathways. This phosphatase dephosphorylates, and negatively regulates the activities of, MAP kinases and MAP kinase kinases. It has been shown to inhibit the activation of p38 and JNK kinase cascades induced by environmental stresses. This phosphatase can also dephosphorylate cyclin-dependent kinases, and thus may be involved in cell cycle control. Overexpression of this phosphatase is reported to activate the expression of the tumor suppressor gene TP53/p53, which leads to G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding two distinct isoforms have been described.^[6]

Interactions

PPM1A has been shown to interact with Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3.^[7] In 2006, Dr. Feng found that PPM1A can terminate TGF-beta signaling by inactivating Smad3 via dephosphorylation. Smad3 is an essential component of the TGF-beta signalling pathway.

Related Research Articles

A protein phosphatase is a phosphatase enzyme that removes a phosphate group from the phosphorylated amino acid residue of its substrate protein. Protein phosphorylation is one of the most common forms of reversible protein posttranslational modification (PTM), with up to 30% of all proteins being phosphorylated at any given time. Protein kinases (PKs) are the effectors of phosphorylation and catalyse the transfer of a γ-phosphate from ATP to specific amino acids on proteins. Several hundred PKs exist in mammals and are classified into distinct super-families. Proteins are phosphorylated predominantly on Ser, Thr and Tyr residues, which account for 79.3, 16.9 and 3.8% respectively of the phosphoproteome, at least in mammals. In contrast, protein phosphatases (PPs) are the primary effectors of dephosphorylation and can be grouped into three main classes based on sequence, structure and catalytic function. The largest class of PPs is the phosphoprotein phosphatase (PPP) family comprising PP1, PP2A, PP2B, PP4, PP5, PP6 and PP7, and the protein phosphatase Mg²⁺- or Mn²⁺-dependent (PPM) family, composed primarily of PP2C. The protein Tyr phosphatase (PTP) super-family forms the second group, and the aspartate-based protein phosphatases the third. The protein pseudophosphatases form part of the larger phosphatase family, and in most cases are thought to be catalytically inert, instead functioning as phosphate-binding proteins, integrators of signalling or subcellular traps. Examples of membrane-spanning protein phosphatases containing both active (phosphatase) and inactive (pseudophosphatase) domains linked in tandem are known, conceptually similar to the kinase and pseudokinase domain polypeptide structure of the JAK pseudokinases. A complete comparative analysis of human phosphatases and pseudophosphatases has been completed by Manning and colleagues, forming a companion piece to the ground-breaking analysis of the human kinome, which encodes the complete set of ~536 human protein kinases.

The PHLPP isoforms are a pair of protein phosphatases, PHLPP1 and PHLPP2, that are important regulators of Akt serine-threonine kinases and conventional/novel protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. PHLPP may act as a tumor suppressor in several types of cancer due to its ability to block growth factor-induced signaling in cancer cells.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, also called p38-α, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK14 gene.

Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform is an enzyme that is encoded by the PPP2CA gene.

Dual specificity protein phosphatase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DUSP1 gene.

Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP5C gene.

Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2CB gene.

Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN12 gene.

Dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DUSP6 gene.

For the SSH-1 protocol, see Secure Shell#Version 1

Protein phosphatase 1B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPM1B gene.

Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R5E gene.

Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 18 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN18 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DUSP4</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Dual specificity protein phosphatase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DUSP4 gene.

Dual specificity protein phosphatase 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DUSP10 gene.

Choline transporter-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC44A1 gene.

Serine/threonine-protein kinase 24 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STK24 gene located in the chromosome 13, band q32.2. It is also known as Mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 3 (MST-3). The protein is 443 amino acids long and its mass is 49 kDa.

Dual specificity protein phosphatase 16 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DUSP16 gene.

Protein phosphatase 1G is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPM1G gene.

Protein phosphatase 1F is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPM1F gene.

References

1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100614 - Ensembl, May 2017
1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021096 - Ensembl, May 2017
↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ Mann DJ, Campbell DG, McGowan CH, Cohen PT (February 1992). "Mammalian protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2C: cDNA cloning and comparative analysis of amino acid sequences". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1130 (1): 100–4. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(92)90471-b. PMID 1311954.
1 2 "Entrez Gene: PPM1A protein phosphatase 1A (formerly 2C), magnesium-dependent, alpha isoform".
↑ Flajolet M, Rakhilin S, Wang H, Starkova N, Nuangchamnong N, Nairn AC, Greengard P (December 2003). "Protein phosphatase 2C binds selectively to and dephosphorylates metabotropic glutamate receptor 3". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (26): 16006–11. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10016006F. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2136600100 . PMC 307683 . PMID 14663150.

Redpath NT, Price NT, Severinov KV, Proud CG (April 1993). "Regulation of elongation factor-2 by multisite phosphorylation". European Journal of Biochemistry. 213 (2): 689–99. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17809.x. PMID 8386634.
Das AK, Helps NR, Cohen PT, Barford D (December 1996). "Crystal structure of the protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2C at 2.0 A resolution". The EMBO Journal. 15 (24): 6798–809. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb01071.x. PMC 452505 . PMID 9003755.
Takekawa M, Maeda T, Saito H (August 1998). "Protein phosphatase 2Calpha inhibits the human stress-responsive p38 and JNK MAPK pathways". The EMBO Journal. 17 (16): 4744–52. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.16.4744. PMC 1170803 . PMID 9707433.
Fjeld CC, Denu JM (July 1999). "Kinetic analysis of human serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2Calpha". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (29): 20336–43. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.29.20336 . PMID 10400656.
Hishiya A, Ohnishi M, Tamura S, Nakamura F (September 1999). "Protein phosphatase 2C inactivates F-actin binding of human platelet moesin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (38): 26705–12. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.38.26705 . PMID 10480873.
Cheng A, Ross KE, Kaldis P, Solomon MJ (November 1999). "Dephosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases by type 2C protein phosphatases". Genes & Development. 13 (22): 2946–57. doi:10.1101/gad.13.22.2946. PMC 317162 . PMID 10580002.
Strovel ET, Wu D, Sussman DJ (January 2000). "Protein phosphatase 2Calpha dephosphorylates axin and activates LEF-1-dependent transcription". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (4): 2399–403. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.4.2399 . PMID 10644691.
Lifschitz-Mercer B, Sheinin Y, Ben-Meir D, Bramante-Schreiber L, Leider-Trejo L, Karby S, Smorodinsky NI, Lavi S (July 2001). "Protein phosphatase 2Calpha expression in normal human tissues: an immunohistochemical study". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 116 (1): 31–9. doi:10.1007/s004180100291. PMID 11479720. S2CID 1692505.
Srivastava J, Goris J, Dilworth SM, Parker PJ (April 2002). "Dephosphorylation of PKCdelta by protein phosphatase 2Ac and its inhibition by nucleotides". FEBS Letters. 516 (1–3): 265–9. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02500-0. PMID 11959144.
Ofek P, Ben-Meir D, Kariv-Inbal Z, Oren M, Lavi S (April 2003). "Cell cycle regulation and p53 activation by protein phosphatase 2C alpha". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (16): 14299–305. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M211699200 . PMID 12514180.
Matsuda A, Suzuki Y, Honda G, Muramatsu S, Matsuzaki O, Nagano Y, Doi T, Shimotohno K, Harada T, Nishida E, Hayashi H, Sugano S (May 2003). "Large-scale identification and characterization of human genes that activate NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways". Oncogene. 22 (21): 3307–18. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206406. PMID 12761501.
Flajolet M, Rakhilin S, Wang H, Starkova N, Nuangchamnong N, Nairn AC, Greengard P (December 2003). "Protein phosphatase 2C binds selectively to and dephosphorylates metabotropic glutamate receptor 3". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (26): 16006–11. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10016006F. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2136600100 . PMC 307683 . PMID 14663150.
Yoshizaki T, Maegawa H, Egawa K, Ugi S, Nishio Y, Imamura T, Kobayashi T, Tamura S, Olefsky JM, Kashiwagi A (May 2004). "Protein phosphatase-2C alpha as a positive regulator of insulin sensitivity through direct activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (21): 22715–26. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M313745200 . PMID 15016818.
Li D, Wang F, Lai M, Chen Y, Zhang JF (February 2005). "A protein phosphatase 2calpha-Ca2+ channel complex for dephosphorylation of neuronal Ca2+ channels phosphorylated by protein kinase C". The Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (8): 1914–23. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4790-04.2005 . PMC 6726054 . PMID 15728831.
Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.
Kitajima TS, Sakuno T, Ishiguro K, Iemura S, Natsume T, Kawashima SA, Watanabe Y (May 2006). "Shugoshin collaborates with protein phosphatase 2A to protect cohesin". Nature. 441 (7089): 46–52. Bibcode:2006Natur.441...46K. doi:10.1038/nature04663. PMID 16541025. S2CID 4425074.

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[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100614 - Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021096 - Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid1311954-5] Mann DJ, Campbell DG, McGowan CH, Cohen PT (February 1992). "Mammalian protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2C: cDNA cloning and comparative analysis of amino acid sequences". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression. 1130 (1): 100–4. doi:10.1016/0167-4781(92)90471-b. PMID 1311954.

[entrez-6] 1 2 "Entrez Gene: PPM1A protein phosphatase 1A (formerly 2C), magnesium-dependent, alpha isoform".

[pmid14663150-7] Flajolet M, Rakhilin S, Wang H, Starkova N, Nuangchamnong N, Nairn AC, Greengard P (December 2003). "Protein phosphatase 2C binds selectively to and dephosphorylates metabotropic glutamate receptor 3". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (26): 16006–11. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10016006F. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2136600100 . PMC 307683 . PMID 14663150.

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PPM1A

Contents

Interactions

Related Research Articles

References

Further reading