PTX3

Last updated
PTX3
Identifiers
Aliases PTX3 , TNFAIP5, TSG-14, pentraxin 3
External IDs OMIM: 602492 MGI: 104641 HomoloGene: 7500 GeneCards: PTX3
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

5806

19288

Ensembl

ENSG00000163661

ENSMUSG00000027832

UniProt

P26022

P48759

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_002852

NM_008987

RefSeq (protein)

NP_002843

NP_033013

Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 157.44 – 157.44 Mb Chr 3: 66.13 – 66.13 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Pentraxin-related protein PTX3 also known as TNF-inducible gene 14 protein (TSG-14) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTX3 gene. [5] [6]

Contents

Pentraxin 3 (ptx3) is a member of the pentraxin superfamily. This super family characterized by cyclic multimeric structure. [7] PTX3 is rapidly produced and released by several cell types, in particular by mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), fibroblasts and endothelial cells in response to primary inflammatory signals [e.g., toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement, TNFα, IL-1β]. [8] [9] PTX3 binds with high affinity to the complement component C1q, the extracellular matrix component TNFα induced protein 6 (TNFAIP6; also called TNF-stimulated gene 6, TSG-6) and selected microorganisms, including Aspergillus fumigatus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

PTX3 activates the classical pathway of complement activation and facilitates pathogen recognition by macrophages and DCs. [9] [10] [12]

Structure

Human and murine PTX3, localized in the syntenic region of chromosome 3 (q24-28), are highly conserved, sharing 82% identical and 92% conserved amino acids. The human PTX3 gene is organized into three exons coding for the leader peptide (which is cleaved from the mature protein), the amino-terminal domain and the pentraxin domain of the protein.

The transcribed PTX3 protein is 381 amino acids long, has a predicted molecular weight of 40,165 Da and consists of a carboxy-terminal 203 amino acid long pentraxin domain coupled with an amino-terminal 178 amino acid long domain unrelated to other known proteins. The PTX3 carboxy-terminal domain contains a canonical pentraxin signature (HxCxS/TWxS) and two conserved cysteines (Cys-210 and Cys-271), and shares 57% conserved and 17% identical amino acids with short pentraxins. The presence of an amino-linked glycosylation site in the carboxy-terminal domain at Asn-220 accounts for the higher molecular weight observed in SDS–PAGE under reducing conditions (45 kDa as opposed to the predicted 40 kDa). Under native conditions PTX3 protomers are assembled to form multimers. [11] The crystal structure of PTX3 has not been determined yet, however according to modeling, the PTX3 pentraxin domain well-accommodates on the tertiary fold of SAP, with almost all of the β-strands and the α-helical segments conserved. [15]

PTX3 in blood

PTX3 behaves as an acute phase response protein, as the blood levels of PTX3, low in normal conditions (about 25 ng/mL in the mouse, < 2 ng/mL in humans), increase rapidly (peaking at 6–8 h after induction) and dramatically (200–800 ng/mL) during endotoxic shock, sepsis and other inflammatory and infectious conditions, correlating with the severity of the disease. PTX3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid help distinguishing between bacterial and aseptic meningoencephalitis. [16] Under these conditions, PTX3 is a rapid marker for primary local activation of innate immunity and inflammation. [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]

Pathogen versus apoptotic self recognition

Similar to other members of the pentraxin family PTX3 binds apoptotic cells, thereby inhibiting their recognition by DCs. Binding occurs late in the apoptotic process and enhances cytokine production by DCs. In addition, preincubation of apoptotic cells with PTX3 enhances C1q binding and C3 deposition on the cell surface, suggesting a role for PTX3 in the complement-mediated clearance of apoptotic cells. [22] [23] [24] Moreover, in the presence of dying cells, PTX3 restricts the cross presentation of antigens derived from dying cells. These results suggest that PTX3 has a dual role: protection against pathogens and control of autoimmunity. [24] [25]

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Alberto Mantovani is an Italian physician and immunologist. He is Scientific Director of Istituto Clinico Humanitas, President and Founder of the Fondazione Humanitas per la Ricerca, and Professor of Pathology at the State University of Milan. He is known for his works in the roles of the immune system in the development of cancer. His research on tumor-associated macrophages established inflammation as one of the causes of cancer. He was the first to identify monocyte chemotactic protein - 1 / CCL2 in 1983, and PTX3 in 1997. His works revealed the existence of decoy receptors in cell-signalling. He has been the most cited scientist in Italy, and one of the ten most cited immunologists worldwide.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000163661 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027832 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Breviario F, d'Aniello EM, Golay J, Peri G, Bottazzi B, Bairoch A, Saccone S, Marzella R, Predazzi V, Rocchi M (November 1992). "Interleukin-1-inducible genes in endothelial cells. Cloning of a new gene related to C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (31): 22190–7. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)41653-5 . PMID   1429570.
  6. ↑ "Entrez Gene: PTX3 Pentraxin-related gene, rapidly induced by IL-1 beta".
  7. ↑ Emsley J, White HE, O'Hara BP, Oliva G, Srinivasan N, Tickle IJ, Blundell TL, Pepys MB, Wood SP (January 1994). "Structure of pentameric human serum amyloid P component". Nature. 367 (6461): 338–45. Bibcode:1994Natur.367..338E. doi:10.1038/367338a0. PMID   8114934. S2CID   4284282.
  8. ↑ Wirestam L, Enocsson H, Skogh T, Eloranta ML, Rönnblom L, Sjöwall C, Wetterö J (July 2017). "Interferon-α coincides with suppressed levels of pentraxin-3 (PTX3) in systemic lupus erythematosus and regulates leucocyte PTX3 in vitro". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 189 (1): 83–91. doi:10.1111/cei.12957. PMC   5461103 . PMID   28257596.
  9. 1 2 Garlanda C, Bottazzi B, Bastone A, Mantovani A (2005). "Pentraxins at the crossroads between innate immunity, inflammation, matrix deposition, and female fertility". Annual Review of Immunology. 23: 337–66. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115756. PMID   15771574.
  10. 1 2 Diniz SN, Nomizo R, Cisalpino PS, Teixeira MM, Brown GD, Mantovani A, Gordon S, Reis LF, Dias AA (April 2004). "PTX3 function as an opsonin for the dectin-1-dependent internalization of zymosan by macrophages". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 75 (4): 649–56. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0803371 . PMID   14726497. S2CID   1172342.
  11. 1 2 Bottazzi B, Vouret-Craviari V, Bastone A, De Gioia L, Matteucci C, Peri G, Spreafico F, Pausa M, D'Ettorre C, Gianazza E, Tagliabue A, Salmona M, Tedesco F, Introna M, Mantovani A (December 1997). "Multimer formation and ligand recognition by the long pentraxin PTX3. Similarities and differences with the short pentraxins C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P component". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (52): 32817–23. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.52.32817 . PMID   9407058.
  12. 1 2 Garlanda C, Hirsch E, Bozza S, Salustri A, De Acetis M, Nota R, Maccagno A, Riva F, Bottazzi B, Peri G, Doni A, Vago L, Botto M, De Santis R, Carminati P, Siracusa G, Altruda F, Vecchi A, Romani L, Mantovani A (November 2002). "Non-redundant role of the long pentraxin PTX3 in anti-fungal innate immune response". Nature. 420 (6912): 182–6. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..182G. doi:10.1038/nature01195. PMID   12432394. S2CID   4414588.
  13. ↑ Nauta AJ, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A, Salvatori G, Kishore U, Schwaeble WJ, Gingras AR, Tzima S, Vivanco F, Egido J, Tijsma O, Hack EC, Daha MR, Roos A (February 2003). "Biochemical and functional characterization of the interaction between pentraxin 3 and C1q". European Journal of Immunology. 33 (2): 465–73. doi: 10.1002/immu.200310022 . PMID   12645945. S2CID   9479617.
  14. ↑ Salustri A, Garlanda C, Hirsch E, De Acetis M, Maccagno A, Bottazzi B, Doni A, Bastone A, Mantovani G, Beck Peccoz P, Salvatori G, Mahoney DJ, Day AJ, Siracusa G, Romani L, Mantovani A (April 2004). "PTX3 plays a key role in the organization of the cumulus oophorus extracellular matrix and in-vivo fertilization". Development. 131 (7): 1577–86. doi: 10.1242/dev.01056 . hdl: 2434/758422 . PMID   14998931.
  15. ↑ Introna M, Alles VV, Castellano M, Picardi G, De Gioia L, Bottazzai B, Peri G, Breviario F, Salmona M, De Gregorio L, Dragani TA, Srinivasan N, Blundell TL, Hamilton TA, Mantovani A (March 1996). "Cloning of mouse ptx3, a new member of the pentraxin gene family expressed at extrahepatic sites". Blood. 87 (5): 1862–72. doi: 10.1182/blood.V87.5.1862.1862 . PMID   8634434.
  16. ↑ Zatta M, Di Bella S, Bottazzi B, Rossi F, D'Agaro P, Segat L, et al. (December 2019). "Determination of pentraxin 3 levels in cerebrospinal fluid during central nervous system infections". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 39 (4): 665–670. doi:10.1007/s10096-019-03767-w. hdl: 11368/2972747 . PMID   31813079. S2CID   208812200.
  17. ↑ Muller B, Peri G, Doni A, Torri V, Landmann R, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A (July 2001). "Circulating levels of the long pentraxin PTX3 correlate with severity of infection in critically ill patients". Critical Care Medicine. 29 (7): 1404–7. doi:10.1097/00003246-200107000-00017. PMID   11445697. S2CID   1709839.
  18. ↑ Fazzini F, Peri G, Doni A, Dell'Antonio G, Dal Cin E, Bozzolo E, D'Auria F, Praderio L, Ciboddo G, Sabbadini MG, Manfredi AA, Mantovani A, Querini PR (December 2001). "PTX3 in small-vessel vasculitides: an independent indicator of disease activity produced at sites of inflammation". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 44 (12): 2841–50. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200112)44:12<2841::AID-ART472>3.0.CO;2-6 . PMID   11762945.
  19. ↑ Mairuhu AT, Peri G, Setiati TE, Hack CE, Koraka P, Soemantri A, Osterhaus AD, Brandjes DP, van der Meer JW, Mantovani A, van Gorp EC (August 2005). "Elevated plasma levels of the long pentraxin, pentraxin 3, in severe dengue virus infections". Journal of Medical Virology. 76 (4): 547–52. doi:10.1002/jmv.20397. PMID   15977234. S2CID   24762210.
  20. ↑ Azzurri A, Sow OY, Amedei A, Bah B, Diallo S, Peri G, Benagiano M, D'Elios MM, Mantovani A, Del Prete G (January 2005). "IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 and pentraxin 3 plasma levels are tools for monitoring inflammation and disease activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection". Microbes and Infection. 7 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.09.004. PMID   15716076.
  21. ↑ Latini R, Maggioni AP, Peri G, Gonzini L, Lucci D, Mocarelli P, Vago L, Pasqualini F, Signorini S, Soldateschi D, Tarli L, Schweiger C, Fresco C, Cecere R, Tognoni G, Mantovani A (October 2004). "Prognostic significance of the long pentraxin PTX3 in acute myocardial infarction". Circulation. 110 (16): 2349–54. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000145167.30987.2E . PMID   15477419.
  22. ↑ Gershov D, Kim S, Brot N, Elkon KB (November 2000). "C-Reactive protein binds to apoptotic cells, protects the cells from assembly of the terminal complement components, and sustains an antiinflammatory innate immune response: implications for systemic autoimmunity". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 192 (9): 1353–64. doi:10.1084/jem.192.9.1353. PMC   2193350 . PMID   11067883.
  23. ↑ Familian A, Zwart B, Huisman HG, Rensink I, Roem D, Hordijk PL, Aarden LA, Hack CE (July 2001). "Chromatin-independent binding of serum amyloid P component to apoptotic cells". Journal of Immunology. 167 (2): 647–54. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.647 . PMID   11441067.
  24. 1 2 Rovere P, Peri G, Fazzini F, Bottazzi B, Doni A, Bondanza A, Zimmermann VS, Garlanda C, Fascio U, Sabbadini MG, Rugarli C, Mantovani A, Manfredi AA (December 2000). "The long pentraxin PTX3 binds to apoptotic cells and regulates their clearance by antigen-presenting dendritic cells". Blood. 96 (13): 4300–6. doi:10.1182/blood.V96.13.4300. PMID   11110705.
  25. ↑ Baruah P, Propato A, Dumitriu IE, Rovere-Querini P, Russo V, Fontana R, Accapezzato D, Peri G, Mantovani A, Barnaba V, Manfredi AA (January 2006). "The pattern recognition receptor PTX3 is recruited at the synapse between dying and dendritic cells, and edits the cross-presentation of self, viral, and tumor antigens". Blood. 107 (1): 151–8. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1112 . PMID   16166594.

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