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Polymyxins are antibiotics. Polymyxins B and E are used in the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections. They work mostly by breaking up the bacterial cell membrane. They are part of a broader class of molecules called nonribosomal peptides.
Diazotrophs are bacteria and archaea that fix atmospheric nitrogen gas into a more usable form such as ammonia.
Paenibacillus is a genus of facultative anaerobic, endospore-forming bacteria, originally included within the genus Bacillus and then reclassified as a separate genus in 1993. Bacteria belonging to this genus have been detected in a variety of environments, such as: soil, water, rhizosphere, vegetable matter, forage and insect larvae, as well as clinical samples. The name reflects: Latin paene means almost, so the paenibacilli are literally "almost bacilli". The genus includes P. larvae, which causes American foulbrood in honeybees, P. polymyxa, which is capable of fixing nitrogen, so is used in agriculture and horticulture, the Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2 which is a rich source of chemical agents for biotechnology applications, and pattern-forming strains such as P. vortex and P. dendritiformis discovered in the early 90s, which develop complex colonies with intricate architectures as shown in the pictures:
Paenibacillus polymyxa, also known as Bacillus polymyxa, is a Gram-positive bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen. It is found in soil, plant tissues, marine sediments and hot springs. It may have a role in forest ecosystems and potential future applications as a biofertilizer and biocontrol agent in agriculture.
Mycobacterium conceptionense is a non pigmented rapidly growing mycobacterium was first isolated from wound liquid outflow, bone tissue biopsy, and excised skin tissue from a 31-year-old woman who suffered an accidental open right tibia fracture and prolonged stay in a river. Etymology: conceptionense, pertaining to Hôpital de la Conception, the hospital where the first strain was isolated.
Mycobacterium goodii is an acid-fast bacterial species in the phylum Actinobacteria and the genus Mycobacterium.
Mycobacterium monacense is a yellow-pigmented, non-photochromogenic species of mycobacterium named after Monacum, the Latin name of the German city Munich where the first strain was isolated. It grows in less than a week on solid medium.
In enzymology, a xanthan lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction of cleaving the beta-D-mannosyl-beta-D-1,4-glucuronosyl bond on the polysaccharide xanthan. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on polysaccharides. Xanthan lyase was first identified and partially purified in 1987.
Agarase is an enzyme with systematic name agarose 4-glycanohydrolase. It is found in agarolytic bacteria and is the first enzyme in the agar catabolic pathway. It is responsible for allowing them to use agar as their primary source of Carbon and enables their ability to thrive in the ocean.
Paenibacillus vortex is a species of pattern-forming bacteria, first discovered in the early 1990s by Eshel Ben-Jacob's group at Tel Aviv University. It is a social microorganism that forms colonies with complex and dynamic architectures. P. vortex is mainly found in heterogeneous and complex environments, such as the rhizosphere, the soil region directly influenced by plant roots.
Escherichia vulneris is a species of Gram-negative bacteria in the same genus as E. coli. E. vulneris is a fermentative, oxidase-negative, motile rod, which holds characteristics of the family Enterobacteraceae. This bacterium can colonize in the respiratory tract, genital tract, stool, and urinary tract. However, E. vulneris is most often associated with wounds and has been known to colonize open wounds of both humans and animals. This association gave the bacterium its species name, vulneris, which is Latin for wound. It has also been infrequently reported in cases of meningitis. It was defined as a new species in 1982.
Paenibacillus tylopili is a soil-dwelling, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium. Described as new to science in 2008, it was found in the mycorhizosphere of the bolete fungus Tylopilus felleus.
Paenibacillus koreensis is a bacterium. It produces an iturin-like antifungal antibiotic. It is facultatively anaerobic and its type strain is YC300T.
Dechloromonas denitrificans is a gram negative, N2O-producing motile bacterium with a polar flagellum from the genus of Dechloromonas which was isolated from the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa. Colonies of Dechloromonas denitrificans are yellowish colored.
Paenibacterin is a mixture of antimicrobial lipopeptides isolated from Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus. It contains three isomeric compounds which differ by the fatty acid side chain.
Flavobacterium denitrificans is a species of N2O-producing facultative aerobic bacteria first isolated from the gut of the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa. It is a Gram-negative, motile rod with type strain ED5T (=DSM 15936T =ATCC BAA-842T).
Cohnella hongkongensis, formerly known as Paenibacillus hongkongensis, is a species in the bacterial genus Cohnella. It is Gram-positive, rod-shaped and endospore-forming, with type strain HKU3T.
Paenibacillus macerans is a diazotroph bacterium found in soil and plants capable of nitrogen fixation and fermentation. This bacteria was originally discovered in 1905 by an Austrian biologist named Schardinger and thought to be a bacillus.
Escherichia hermannii is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped species of bacterium. Strains of this species were originally isolated from human wounds, sputum, and stool. The species is named for American microbiologists George J. Hermann and Lloyd G. Herman.
Paenibacillus larvae is a species of bacterium, found worldwide, which causes American foulbrood, a fatal disease of the larvae of honeybees. It is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, which forms spores which can remain viable for at least thirty-five years.
References
- ↑ Glaeser, SP; Falsen, E; Busse, HJ; Kämpfer, P (May 11, 2012). "Paenibacillus vulneris sp. nov., isolated from a necrotic wound". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (Pt 2): 777–782. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.041210-0. PMID 22581904.
