Senegal's first President,Léopold Senghor,advocated close relations with France and negotiation and compromise as the best means of resolving international differences after Senegal's independence from its status as a French colony. To a large extent,the two succeeding presidents,Abdou Diouf and Abdoulaye Wade,have carried on Senghor's policies and philosophies. Senegal has long supported functional integration among French-speaking West African states through the West African Economic and Monetary Union.
The Gambia followed a formal policy of non-alignment throughout most of former President Dawda Jawara's tenure. It maintained close relations with the United Kingdom,Senegal,and other African countries. The July 1994 coup strained The Gambia's relationship with Western powers,particularly the United States. Starting in 1995,President Yahya Jammeh established diplomatic relations with several additional countries,including Libya,the Republic of China,and Cuba. As scholars on Gambia's foreign policy have argued,throughout Jammeh's period,the country's foreign policy was a shifting sand,with little of direction.
The International Republican Institute (IRI) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1983 and funded and supported by the United States federal government. Most of its board is drawn from the Republican Party. Its public mission is to advance freedom and democracy worldwide by helping political parties to become more issue-based and responsive,assisting citizens to participate in government planning,and working to increase the role of marginalized groups in the political process,including women and youth. It has been repeatedly accused of foreign interference and has been implicated in the 2004 Haitian coup d'état. It was initially known as the National Republican Institute for International Affairs.
Donald Boyd Easum was an American diplomat.
Michele Jeanne Sison is an American diplomat and career member of the Senior Foreign Service serving as the assistant secretary of state for international organization affairs. She has previously served in various other diplomatic posts around the world on behalf of the United States,including ambassador to Haiti. Sison holds the personal rank of career ambassador.
Frank Almaguer is an American retired diplomat and career Foreign Service Officer. He has served in numerous positions with the Peace Corps,the United States Agency for International Development,the U.S. Department of State and the Organization of American States.
Guinea –United States relations are bilateral relations between Guinea and the United States.
Haiti–United States relations are bilateral relations between Haiti and the United States. Succeeding U.S. presidents refused to recognize Haiti until Abraham Lincoln. The U.S. tried to establish a military base in Haiti and invaded. It withdrew in 1934 but continued to intervene in Haiti during subsequent decades.
Liberia –United States relations are bilateral relations between Liberia and the United States. The two countries shared a close relationship until the 1970s.
EUCLID,also called Pôle Universitaire Euclide or Euclid University,is an international intergovernmental organization with a university charter established in 2008. It has official headquarters in The Gambia and in the Central African Republic,but also maintains an executive office in Washington,D.C. Its primary mandate is to train officials for its Participating States but its programs are also offered to the general public. The institution's current Secretary-General is Winston Dookeran.
Timothy Michael Carney is a retired American diplomat and consultant. Carney served as a career Foreign Service Officer for 32 years,with assignments that included Vietnam and Cambodia as well as Lesotho and South Africa before being appointed as ambassador to Sudan and later in Haiti. Carney served with a number of U.N. Peacekeeping Missions,and until recently led the Haiti Democracy Project,an initiative launched under the presidency of George W. Bush to build stronger institutional foundations for the country's long-term relationship with the United States.
Vicki J. Huddleston is a retired U.S. diplomat who served as Ambassador to Mali,and U.S. Ambassador to Madagascar.
Margaret Joy Tibbetts was an American diplomat. A career Foreign Service Officer,she was the United States Ambassador to Norway from 1964 to 1969 under President Lyndon Johnson. She attended Gould Academy,Wheaton College in Massachusetts and her Ph.D. from Bryn Mawr College. She was awarded an honorary degree from Bates College in 1962 and Bowdoin College in 1973.
African-Americans in foreign policy in the United States catalogs distinguished African Americans who have and continue to contribute to international development,diplomacy,and defense through their work with the U.S. Department of State,the U.S. Agency for International Development,the U.S. Information Agency,and the U.S. Congress,and other notable agencies and non-governmental organizations. The creators acknowledge the presence of the interagency contributions to the foreign affairs realm,and welcome additional content to showcase the achievements of African-Americans in other relevant USG agencies.
Will Mercer Cook,popularly known as Mercer Cook,was an American diplomat and professor. He was the first United States ambassador to the Gambia after it became independent,appointed in 1965 while also still serving as ambassador to Senegal. He was also the second American ambassador to Niger.
Julie Furuta-Toy is a former U.S. Ambassador to Equatorial Guinea. Following an initial announcement by President Barack Obama on June 18,2015,Ambassador Furuta-Toy was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 22,2015,and subsequently sworn in on November 24,2015. She arrived in Malabo to take up her duties on January 7,2016. Prior to her arrival in Equatorial Guinea,Ms. Furuta-Toy served as both Deputy Chief of Mission and chargéd'affaires at the Embassy of the United States,Oslo,(2012-2015). Her lengthy tenure as chargéd'affaires stemmed from delays related to the nomination and confirmation of a new ambassador to Norway by the United States Senate.
Mosina H. Jordan is an American lawyer and diplomat from New York.
Helen Ruth Meagher La Lime is a diplomat,former United States Ambassador to Angola,and United Nations Special Representative in Haiti.
Frances Dee Cook was a career Foreign Service Officer who was the US Ambassador to the Republic of Burundi from 1980–1983,Ambassador to the Republic of Cameroon,1989–1993 and she was sworn in as the U.S. Ambassador to the Sultanate of Oman on December 28,1995.
Sharon L. Cromer is an American diplomat who has served as the United States ambassador to the Gambia since March 2022.
